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荣誉之星 乐园开心

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发表于 2003-8-28 07:27

英语翻译的步骤

英译汉的步骤或过程大概分三个阶段:理解、表达和校核。

  在翻译实践中,理解是表达的前提,不能正确理解就谈不上确切表达。但理解与表达通常是互相联系,往返反复的统一过程,不能截然分开。

  一、理解阶段


  理解主要通过原文上下文来进行。考生必须从上下文的关系中来探求正确译法。所谓上下文可以指一个句子,一个段落,也可以指整篇文章。对原文作透彻理解是确切翻译的基础和关键。要做到这一点,必须注意以下几点。

  1、理解语言现象

  考生必须上下有联系地理解原文的词汇含义、句法结构和惯用法等。例如:

  例1 It will strengthen you to know that your distinguished career is so widely respected and appreciated .

  分析:在上面这个句子中,不定式短语to know that…….appreciated是句子的主语,由先行词it作代表。有人曾把这个句子误译为"这会使你更加认识到,你的杰出事业是如此广泛地受到人民的尊敬和赞赏",原因是把句子中的不定式短语当成了will strengthen的状语。

  译文:当你认识到你的杰出事业是如此广泛地受到人们的尊敬和赞赏时,你就会为自己增添力量。

  2、理解逻辑关系

  逻辑关系有时可以帮助我们理解按原文语法关系所不能理解的问题。例如

  例1It is good for him to do that.

  分析:这个句子可以有两种意思:

  (1)这样做对他有好处。

  (2)他这样做是件好事。

  二、表达阶段

  表达阶段就是译者把自己从原文理解的内容用汉语重新表达出来。表达的好坏取决于对原文理解的深度及对译文语言的修养程度。表达涉及到翻译的方法及技巧等问题。英译汉的方法一般有直译和意译两种,

  三、校核阶段

  校核是为了保证译文完全符合原文所陈述的内容。在检查译文时,考生必须借助原文才能确认自己翻译的准确性。另外,校核也包括对文字的润色,因此,校核是一个很重要的阶段,并非可有可无。通过校核,我们可以发现译文的一些问题,确保自己理解的内容很多把握地得到分数。在校核阶段,一般应注意以下几个问题。

  (!)人名、地名、日期=方位和数字的翻译;

  (2)汉语译文的词与句有无遗漏;

  (3)汉语译文中句子修饰成分的位置;

  (4)有无错别字;

  (5)标点符号有无错误等。
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162
发表于 2003-8-28 11:51
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荣誉之星 乐园开心

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发表于 2003-8-29 02:02
[B]Heal the liver![/B]

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荣誉之星 乐园开心

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发表于 2003-8-29 07:21

英语翻译的方法

有关翻译的方法和具体的技巧不胜枚举。在翻译过程中,不可能有一种或几种套式供译者使用。但一般来说,翻译主要有直译和意译两大类。直译指在译文的语言条件下,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式,即无论从内容和形式都忠实于原文;意译指向内容忠实于原文,不拘泥于原文的形式。这是因为英语和汉语分属不同的语言,两者在词汇
、句法结构和表达法等方面具有很多差异,所以当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾时,就应采用意译法,这样译出来的东西就更加符合汉语的语言规范。毕竟,考试时最要紧的是用通顺的汉语准确表达原文的意思。下面举例加以说明:

  例1 To determine the conseauences of sleep deficit , researchers have put subjects through a set psychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of mumber or recall a passage read to them only minutes earlier.

  通过对该题的分析,我们可以看出:"To determine the consequences of sleep deficit "在句中做状语,接着是"主语+谓语+宾语"这一基本句型结构,它基本上符合汉语的表达方法,试译如下:

  译文:为了确定睡眠不足产生的后果,研究人员对测试对象进行了一系列的心理测试和行为测试。例如,要求他们做一组数字加法,或让他们回忆几分钟前念给他们听的文章。

  例2 Don't cross the bridge till you get to it.

  像这样的句子只能采取意译法,译为:

  译文:不必担心过早。或:不必自寻麻烦。

  如果按原文字面直译为"到了桥边才过桥",未免不伦不类。再举数例:

  例3 Ruth was upsetting the other children,so I showed her the door.

  译:鲁丝一直在扰乱别的孩子,我就把他撵了出去。

  例4 She didn't like him much , but if she went out with him.it'd be one in the eye of Kath.

  译文:她并不怎么喜欢他,可是如果她跟他一起出去玩,那倒可以让凯丝心中感到不是滋味。

  例5 I want a man who will throw his hat over the Chindwin and then lead his troops after it.

  译文:我要的是这样的一个人他决心在钦敦江破釜沉舟,然后率领部队前进。

  
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荣誉之星 乐园开心

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发表于 2003-8-29 08:10

英译汉

1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. (难度系数5,下同)
译文:那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量,并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。

难句类型:倒装、省略
a本句的正常语序应当是:That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因为主语That sex ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句,如果按照以上语序,则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。
b在which引导的从句中,有两处省略:第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individuall will have中, an individuall will have是修饰descendants的定语从句,但是,因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语,所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前,省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。
意群训练:That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.

2. (This is )A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)复杂+倒装+省略;
(这是一种)照亮现实的欲望,此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望,后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。

解释:本句子的难度在一切GRE、GMAT包括LSAT考试中所出现的难句中堪称登峰造极,可以确定地讲,类似此句子的难度的语言,在计算机考试的现场绝无可能出现。如果对此句话不感兴趣,可以把其废掉不读。
A、 这句话读起来别扭的第一个原因,是因为它根本就不是一个句子。句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现,只能出现在高级英语中,因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。
B、 desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分,一个是to throw over reality a light,其中的a light 是被倒装到了over reality之后,正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远,读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意:从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light的,而是修饰一开始的desire的。
C、 第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装,由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前,引发了定语从句中的倒装:正常语序应该是that might never be given away,倒装后系动词was被提前,given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。A give way to B,是A让位于B,而A be given way to B, 则是A取代B。on the part of 之后的部分修饰后面的desire,what引导的从句现场阅读时可以看成一个名词。What从句中的不定式to recored exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一个避免头重脚轻的倒装,正常语序应该是to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely。
D、 就算能够看懂这句话的结构,可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的意思是,哈代(注:人名老的冲动是一种简单的、说明现实的欲望,新冲动是一种即是小说家又像科学家的仔细研究一个东西的特点那样的欲望(新冲动),前一种欲望是永远也不能取代后者的。
意群训练:(This is )A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .

3. Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. (3)
难句类型:复杂修饰、省略、抽象词
译文:哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能,无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来;另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。

解释:介词from的宾语有两个并列的部分,由and所连接,在and之后的第二个from前,省略了前面一样的谓语动词derive。本句之所以难,有两个原因,一是derived from 后面的成分太长,初学者难以一下子看下来;二是作为一篇文科文章,用词抽象,难以迅速理解。
意群训练:Hardy's weakenss derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ones.

4. Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics,since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states  of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. (5)
难句类型:复杂修饰、省略、抽象词
译文:弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫(Virginia Woolf)在创作《黛洛维夫人》(Mrs. Dalloway)时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述,迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略,因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面,而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家(poetic novelist)所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家,所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态,并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。

解释:本句逗号以前只有复杂修饰的长主语有些难,但总的来讲比较好懂,since引导的原因状语从句较难。
A、 since之后的it指前面的statement,highlight的宾语an aspect之后有两个修饰成分,一个是of her literary interests, 另一个是以that引导的定语从句that is very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist,都是修饰an aspect的。Novelist后面又有由and 连接的两个介词结构concerned with doing 修饰novelist.
B、 句中有两处省略,一是在her literary interests that is very different from当中,修饰interests的定语从句中引导词+be that is 一起省略了。第二处在and之后,由于concerned with与前面的concerned with重复,所以concerned被省略。
C、 本句另外一个难懂的地方,就是使用了大量的抽象词。这是文学市评论题材的文章的一个特点。
Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics,since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states  of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.

5. As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”(5-)
抽象词、抽象词组、比喻
就像她在《致普通读者》一书中所表达的那样,“尽管可以毫无疑问的说,没有任何法律被指定出来,也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么;然而,当我们读它的书的时候,我们身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德”

这句话不但用了词抽象,还用了比喻的修辞手法。是指没有因为乔叟的言论而产生任何实际的行为规则或政治机构,但我们受其影响之深,以及其影响力之大。
As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”

6. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .(4+)
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、专有名词
译文:随着爆发出来的运动的结束,再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高,使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态,直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢,被肝脏转化成(convert into)葡萄糖,而葡萄糖接下来又会(部分)传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。

解释:本句中修饰成分极多,以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主,作各种类型的状语。前面的状语和主句还好理解,从leaving开始句子变难;leaving引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句子的状语;分词中又包含了三个状语,其中的两个via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入语的作用,把be converted into拆成两段。
本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。其中的body fluids, oxidative和resynthesis通过字面的意思或者根据词头、词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的,lactic acid, metabolism和muscle这三个词在生物类文章中极其常用,大家应该背下来;而glycogen这种东西则没办法,只能作一个首字母提炼。但是请记住,GRE和GMAT文章中只要出现了这种专有名词,出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的,所以读者遇到文章中做了解释的专有名词,应该力求把解释看懂。

意群训练:With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .

7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent,he shows that the slaves’ preference,revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent,was very much for stable monogamy. (3+)
难句类型:插入语
译文:虽然古特曼承认,由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁,但他还是证明,奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制(monogamy)。

解释:本句中插入语的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent, 后半个分句中的主语that slaves' preference与系动词was离得太远,造成阅读的困难。
意群训练:Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent,he shows that the slaves’ preference,revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent,was very much for stable monogamy.

8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore,music,and religious expression from one generation to another,a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. (4)
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语
译文:古特曼人令人信服地论辨道,黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去,因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用,而对于这种文化遗产,黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。

解释:由that引导的宾语从句中,encouraged的宾语the transmission of the Black heritage被同时表示并列和转折的and so 分开,给读者造成了阅读上和理解上的困难。最后一个逗号后面的部分是修饰前面的black heritage的同位语。
意群训练:Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore,music,and religious expression from one generation to another,a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

9. This preference for exogamy,Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage,which,though they differed from one tribal group to another,all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. (3+)
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语
译文:古特曼表示,这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定,尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同,但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻(union with close kin)的禁止。

解释:本句有两个插入语,第一个插入语Gutman suggests割裂了主句的主语和谓语。West African rules后跟着两个修饰成分,第一个是分词修饰(governing marriage), 第二个是以which引导的非限定性定语从句,从句中出现了第二个插入语though they differed from one tribal group to another,又割裂了从句引导词与谓语之间的联系。
意群训练:This preference for exogamy,Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage,which,though they differed from one tribal group to another,all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.

10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States,but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition," can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe. (4+)
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
译文:该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时,相对而言尚能适用,但他对种族偏见所下的定义——即“以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见,而该群体在任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍认作一种族”——可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。

解释:本句长度惊人,插入部分比较长,再加上不乏抽象词,所以较为难懂,在表示转折的后半个分钟中,长长的插入语as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition作为主语his definition of racial prejudice的同位语,使分句中的主谓相隔千山万水。除此之外,本句用词抽象,语义难以理解,对读者的词汇功底要求较高。考试现场如无法读懂,宜用合理化原则中的取非读法,but之前的分句说的是其论点对美国黑人的种族歧视是较为管用,转折后的内容就应该说其理论对华人和犹太人相对无用。
意群训练:His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States,but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition," can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.
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发表于 2003-8-29 08:11
11. Such variations in size, shape,chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold,and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any  possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.(5)
难免类型:复杂修饰
译文:类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、产生的速度、兴奋阈值及其类似的方面上所发生变化,当他们被用来与大脑的体验以可能的方式联系起来的时候,他们在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。

解释:即使是初练难免的人其实也很熟悉such thing as something这样的语言方式,可是当中间的小东西thing居然变成了一个长达十二个单词的大东西的时候,实在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的something 到底为哪方神圣。再加上以such as 为中心的长主语距离系动词remain太远,更增加了本句的难度。请读者反复阅读,直到读出这样的感觉:顺序阅读原文时,原文似乎就是几大块,就好像是such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.
意群训练:Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience.

12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) 有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异;可是,这样的证据是缺乏的,即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的,而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。

难免类型:复杂修饰、倒装
解释:与很多人的印象相反,lack从来就不能作形容词,它只有动词或名词的词性。其形容词的形式是lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。
本句的在however 之前和之后的两个分句,是两个倒装结构,前一个是小倒装,正常语序是:to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods: however后面是个大倒装,lacking之后的that引导的同位语人名是修饰主语proof的,但是因为它太长,所以为了避免头重脚轻,被放到lacking之后,正常的语序应该是proof that the quality of ..was lacking

意群训练:It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.

13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved,the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view,namely,that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. (4) 尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同,这一点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过,但是以上教条通常被抛弃掉,而转向相反的观点,即:神经冲动从根本上本质相同,而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。
难句类型:复杂修饰、双重否定

解释:前半个分句中有一个双重否定,was never rigidly disproved,这种表示法用中文说出来还是比较好懂的,原因是我们熟悉中文的这种表示法,但在英文中出现,因为在以前的学习中见得少,所以感觉上很别扭。因此,同学们的任务,就是通过反复阅读此类句子来熟悉这样的英语。其实在英文表达中,很多双重否定与中文表达是一样的,表示肯定;如not unlimited就等于limited。但是值得读者注意的是在GRE和GMAT这两种对考生的逻辑有苛刻要求的考试中,如果这种双重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous(即二分法的词汇,比如上面例子中的limited和unlimited),则双重否定不一定表示肯定;比如本例中的not disprove, 不能理解为agree, 不反对者中,的确有人会同意,但通常心存疑虑,随大流者居多。不但如此,大双重否定中加上限定词以后,在否定的范围上也有所变化,如本句的be never rigidly disproved,没有完全被反对,不能理解为从来都被严格支持的,而应该理解成从来都可能有人支持的。综上所述,对双重否定的句子,简单的把其置换为肯定,不是最精确的理解。而最好的办法,就是通过多读、多练来熟悉其语言表达及其逻辑方式,按照其字面的表达理解成没有完全否定,然后大脑中反应出其目前的生存状态是一个仍未消失的状态;这种理解才是在考试现场既快速又精确的理解。
运用前面所说的用合理化原则中的取非读法,可以很容易的读出作者在后半个分句中想说前面的那种观点被反对了。但是,初学者会对这个分句中的something be abandoned in favor of something else这种语言表达感到突然,如果理解成因为喜后者而抛弃了前者,虽然也能说得通,但是其实原文从来没有这种因果关系,in favor of强调的是这两种动作的同时性;抛弃了前者,而转向后者,namely之后的内容是前面的opposing view的同位语。

意群训练:Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generallyabandoned in favor of the oppsing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throught the nervous system

14. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size,number,  arrangement,and interconnection of the nerve cells,but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned,the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. (4 -) 尽管其他实验显示在神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和相互连接上有一些小的差异,但是就心理-神经的关系而言,这些感官区域彼此之间的明显的相似性看起来比起微小的差异更为令人注目。

难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语
解释:在前后两个分句之间有一个插入语as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned。在后面的分句中,主语the obvious similarities之后的、修饰主语的成分较长、以至于有很多读者看到相隔很远的more remarkable than时一下子反应不过来是什么比后者更明显。其简化形式应为:similarities seemed more remarkable than differences。
意群训练:Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.

15. Although some experiments show that,as an object becomes familiar,its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel,the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis,  at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. (4+)
虽然某些实验表明,随着一个物体变得熟悉起来,其内心再现图像亦更具整体感,辨认过程相应地更趋于平行,但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设(serial hypothesis),至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。

难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、省略
解释:在Although引导的分句中,谓语shows后面跟着一个长长的宾语从句,从句中先出现一个插入语as an object becomes familiar,之后的内容是由and 连接的两套并列的主谓宾。其实and前后就是两个句子,只不过作者省略了后面的句子中与前面相同的引导词that和谓语become。
句子中有一个生词holistic,其实即使不认识,也能用合理化原则猜出它是后面serial的反义词、parallel的同义词,大约是统一、完整或同时的意思;其实只要能理解到其是与serial相反的意思即可。
意群训练:Although some experiments show that,as an object becomes familiar,its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel,the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis,  at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.

16. In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement,historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. (3+)
在很大程度上,由于女权主义运动(feminist movement)的缘故,史学家近年来汇聚了大量的注意力,来更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。 Focus A on B;

难句类型:倒装
解释:focus A on B指把A集中于B,本句中介词on的宾语determining/more accurately the status of women invarious periods中有一个小倒装,正常语序应该是determining the status of women in various periods more accurately。
意群训练:In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.

17. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact –real Amazonian societies – but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society . (4) 如果我们先研究一下为什么古人会提到亚马逊人,下面的一点就变得清晰了,那就是古希腊对于这种社会的庙睡不是太多的被用来表达观察的历史事实——真正的亚麻逊社会的——而是为了对于妇女在其社会中的统治的预期后果提供一种“道德教导”。

难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
解释:有两个词汇需要先解释一下:something be meant to represent是use something to mean的被动语态。mean在这里不是常用的"……的意思是"的意思,而是表示做某事所表达的目的、意图,其英文释义为:to serve or intend to convey, show, or indicate。句中的结构为:something be meant not so much to,,, but rather to, 实际上是把be meant to和not rather 的两个固定搭配套在一起,意思是:不是为了...而是为了...
另外,suppose的意思很抽象,不容易理解。此词既有据信、被认为的意思,也有预期的意思,还有表示贬义的假想的被想当然的意思。
本句的supposed用法极其特殊,在此处的意思,用以上任何一个释义来理解居然都可以成立,既是在说一个预期的社会状态,又是在说一个虚构出来的、本来不存在的社会状态,其用法类似于中文中的一语双关,是文章作者自以为文笔精妙之处。
意群训练:If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact- real Amazonian societies- but rather to offer"moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society.

18. Thus,for instance,it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom,but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin,magnetic dipole,and relativistic effects;and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. (5)
因此,举例来说,对数学家而言,了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已,即薛定谔(Schrodinger)的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述,而仅仅是个近似值,趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式;而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值,趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。

难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语、省略
解释:读到此句时,数学家不见得震惊,晕倒的考生恐怕不在少数。不但句子结构复杂,而且罗列了大量的专有名词。对于不是理科的同学来讲,在阅读这篇文章的现场清楚地明白应该读到什么程度远比研究这些生僻的专有名词更重要。其实是否知道薛定鄂方程对读者来说并不见得重要,GRE考试的出题者也不见得知道它;关键是要读懂句子的主要意思;数学家不能理解不精确和近似值的伟大意义。不过在本书中,出现的句子均以阅读训练为目的,所以读者仍要把句子的结构读清楚。
主句中的主语it是一个开工主语,其具体的内容应该是从to learn开始一直到句子结束的长达八行的不定式,但是此不定式实在太长,如果放在句首则句子无法平衡。Learn后面带着两个以that引导的宾语从句,中间以分号和and分开,可以把分号以后的句子看成是and it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that的省略形式。
意群训练:Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematiians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.

19. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument,since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. (5+)
物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理,因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条件下才令人置信的论据,一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化,便会失去它一部的作用;而与此相反,一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据,在其基本假设(underlying assumption)稍微受干扰的情况下,仍然有可能是站得住脚的。

难句类型:复杂修饰
解释:本句在文章中就是一个自然段,虽然长度比不上前面第一章中所举的那个长达10行的例子,但是难度绝不在那句话之下。本句堪称句子的大杂烩,连主句带从句居然一共有八个。从大往小说,由whereas连接了两个大句子,whereas后面的句子中的主语an augument之后又跟了一个定语从句that is convincing though imprecise, 修饰augument。whereas前面共有六个句子,由the physicist作主语的主句;由since引导的原因状语从句,修饰since从句中主语an augument的由that引导的定语从句,此定语从句中的条件状语从句only if it is precise; since从句中的条件状语从句if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,以及修饰此从句中的主语assumptions的定语从句on which it is based一共八个句子,从句套从句,实在令人叹为观止。
然而,在考试现场去数句子的数目,是只有呆子才会干的事,读者们惟一要干的事就是反复阅读这句话,什么时候练到不必去想其语法结构就能按原文顺序读懂,才算初步掌握;再进一步把它读顺,直到你看不出这个句子有什么特别的地方,看上去还挺舒服就算训练成功。
意群训练:The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.

20. However,as they gained cohesion,the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres,who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. (4-)
起初,蓝袜女们确实模仿了法国沙龙女主人,将男性襄括到其小圈子中来。然则,随着她们获得的凝聚力,她们渐趋将自己视作一女性团体,并拥有了一种妇女团结意识,而这种意识在法国沙龙女主人身上则荡然无存,因为她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚高而彼此孤立隔绝开来。

难句类型:复杂修饰
解释:本句读到表示并列的连词and开始变难。and之后的不定式与前面的不定式是并列的,to的前面省略了一个与前面一样的谓语came。 lacking之后的分词作定语修饰a sense of female solidarity其后的由who引导的定语从句又修饰逗号前面的salonnieres此从句中又有一个定语从句that each salonniere held in her own salon修饰其前的primacy,但是由于引导词that在从句中作宾语,因此被省略。
意群训练:However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestocking came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.
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京津冀运动

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发表于 2003-8-29 11:07
zhe dou shi cong na li zhao lai de ya ,
xue jj , i 服了 you !!!!
=============== ===水击石明,人击志宏=== ===============

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荣誉之星 乐园开心

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发表于 2003-8-30 23:10

英语考试英译汉的常用词的翻译

一、名词复数的翻译

  一般来说,名词复数的词义都是属于从抽象到具体的引申。所以我们在翻译时一定要加倍注意,以免造成歧义,可以察看以下实例:


  例1 The waters from the east are clear and blue ;they come from hills and valleysswheresplentiful forest and plant cover has kept the soil from being washed away.

  译文:东面的水流清澈碧蓝,因为那里的山峦和山谷都被茂密的树木覆盖着,泥沙没有被冲刷到河水中。

  例2 Such economies may appear when compared to President Carter's pay increase for most of his aids.

  译文:如果与卡特总统为大部分助理增加的薪金相比,这些节约措施看来也许是微不足道的。

  二、冠词的翻译

  例1 The fugitives traveled by night and rested by day.

  译文:逃亡者夜行昼伏。

  例2 Four of us will fly to New York.

  译文:我们中间有四人将飞往纽约。

  例3 Take an umbrella in case of rain.

  译文:带把伞去,以防下雨

  例4 The changes are an improvement in a way

  译文:这些变化从某种意义上说是一种进步。

  三、情态动词的翻译

  例1 汉语中有能愿动词,英语中有情态动词。情态动词的意义很不稳定,所以要准确翻译出can,could,dare,need,may,might,shall,should,must,will,would等动词的情态意义并不是一件容易事。一般来说,我们在理解情态动词的意义时,应该把握两点:一是掌握他们的基本意义,二是根据上下文来判断。情态动词可表示可能性、必然性、允许与拒绝、估计与判定、劝告与禁止、承诺与意愿、命令与要求等各方面的意思。

  汉语中的能愿动词有以下三类:

  (1)表“可能性”的能愿动词,如“能、能够、会、可以、可能”等;

  (2)表“倾向性”的能原动词,如“敢、肯、要、愿、愿意”等。

  (3)表“必要性”的能愿动词,如“该、应该、应当、必须、需要”等。

  通常,在英译汉中,我们可依赖以上三类能愿动词,但有些时候,仅仅凭借这些能愿动词还是不够的,这就需要我们借助于其他能够表示情态的实义词或虚词来实现句子中的情态意义。下面是具体实例说明:

  例1 Some psychological experiments are conducted on less regular basis and your efforts can be thankless.

  分析:该句中的情态动词can不表示“可能性、能力、意愿或许可”意义,它表示的是一种偶或可能性,通常译为“有时会、往往会”等。

  译文:有些心理实验做得并不很有规律,因此,你往往白费气力。

  例2 Electronic engineering and the further development of computer technology could provide the impetus needed in production.

  分析:could的意义有:(1)表示过去的能力或意愿,即can的过去式;(2)表示允许,常译为“只要…….。可以……”;(3)表示可能,只是在可能性上不及can;(4)表示“惊奇、怀疑”等,通常译为“竟能。真会、果真能,居然、却不料”等(5)表虚拟,指在虚拟语气中的使用;(6)表示“对过去时间的否定推论”,常译为“不可能、总不至于、不见得一定就、倒并没有”等意思;(7)表示“委婉、敬意”等,通常译为“….行吗?”或“可以、能”等。该句中的could表示的是“一般可能性”,所以我们把它译为“可以”。

  译文:电子工程和计算机技术的进一步发展则可以为生产提供所需要的动力。

  
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发表于 2003-8-31 22:26

短文写作中词的语法形式错误及纠错分析

语法形式的错误直接影响一篇作文的质量,它表现在词、词组、句子以及篇章等方面。从词这一方面来讲,语法错误主要涉及词的单、复数变化,词的及物性和不及物性,词所反映的时态、语态以及词的其他语法形式(如形容词比较级、动词的规则变化和不规则变化、冠词的用法等)。从词组这一方面来讲,主要指其各种搭配。从句子这一方面来看,主要指
各种一致关系(主谓一致、人称一致、时态一致等)和语态等。从篇章上来看,主要指各种逻辑错误(如并列关系、转折关系、因果关系、比较关系等)。

  词的语法形式错误主要表现在如下几个方面:

  1、名词(包括词组或短语)单、复数变化

  名词的单、复数变化主要影响谓语数的形式,这是在短文写作中常见的一种错误。

  例1误:Many kinds of aircrafts were involved in the attack of the harbor.

  正:Many kinds of aircraft were involved in the attack of the harbor..

  分析:有些名词的单、复数相同。像这样的名词还有sheep,deer,fish,trout,means.Chinese,works(工厂)等。

  2、搭配错误

  词的搭配错误主要指名词、动词形容词与介词搭配错误。

  例1误:We are paid in the month but they are paid in the day.

  正:We are paid by the month but they are paid by the day.

  分析:pay somebody by the month or by the day属固定搭配,意为“按月(按日)付酬”。再如:Eggs are sold by the dozen.(鸡蛋论打卖)

  3、动词的语法错误

  动词的语法错误涉及动词的及物性和不及物性、动词的时态变化、动词的延时性和瞬时性、动词的同义性以及动词的语态特征等。

  例1误:The man dressing a black jacket is wearing a boy.

  正:The man wearing a black jacket is dressing a boy.

  分析:上面这句话不仅反映了动词的搭配关系,而且同时也反映了动词的延时性特征。Dress常用的结构是:be dressed in ,dress oneself in和dress somebody(给某人穿衣服),既可以表动作,也可以表状态。而wear一词只能表示状态,而不能表示动作。

  4、副词用法错误

  副词用法错误主要涉及到一些容易混淆的副词,

  例1、误:He spent sometime working in the garden every day.

  正:He spent some time working in the garden every day.

  分析:sometime是个副词,意为“在任何时候,在不固定的某个时候”(at one time or anther ,at some inderfinite time).some time是个名词短语,意为“一些时间”。Sometimes意为“有时、间或”(at times, now and then).再如:Ishall go to see sometime next month .(我下个月某个时候将去看她。)He smokes sometimes .(他有时抽烟。)

  
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发表于 2003-9-2 11:31

英语短文写作格式错误及纠错分析

写作格式错误主要包括以下几个方面:题目的写法、文章的格式、大小写以及标点符号等四个方面。下面我们分别加以说明。

  一、题目的写法


  在考研作文中,考查的作文类型相对来说比较多。有的作文类型有时是不需要题目的,比如像有些图表类作文。但大多数作文类型对题目都是有要求的。因为题目是首先映入读者眼帘的,所以要注意题目的书写位置。一定要在试卷作文纸上的上方中间位置书写。同时还应在话题和正文之间留出一定的距离,即比正文行距稍宽一些。

  其次,要注意题目的大小写,第一个单词的第一个字母和最后一个单词的第一个字母一定要大写。中间的单词除冠词、连词)但如连词的字母多于5个事,则大写)和介词外,其他的词都应该大写第一个字母。比如:

  例1误:Attitudes toward Money

  正:Attitudes Toward Money

  二、文章的格式

  (1)四边留空:卷面的四边一定要留出适当的空白。这样的文章才能整齐、美观,给人以清晰、明快的感觉。

  (2)空格:文章的每段的首行一定要有统一的空格。三、大小写方面的错误

  在考研文章的评改过程中,有关大小写方面的错误层出不穷,这是考生的一个弱点。一般来说,大写规则有以下几条:

  (1)大写每句话的第一个字母和直接引语的第一字母,如:

  He said ,”He is going to Shanghai next week”.

  (2)大写专有名词,或用作专有名词的部分普通名词,通常是缩略形式。如:

  Dr G . G . East

  (3)大写缩写字母。如:MPA ,MBA ,BBC

  (4)文章标题要大写。

  (5)头衔在专有名词前要大写,在专有名词后就小写。例如:

  Captain Smith --------Smith,the captain

  Uncle George-------- George ,my uncle四、标点符号错误及分析

  考生在写文章时,一定要注意正确使用标点符号,切忌从头到尾只用逗号的现象。一定要熟练掌握常用标点符号的基本用法,尤其要正确使用逗号和分号。

  
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