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荣誉之星 乐园开心

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发表于 2003-8-23 20:37

阅读理解长句翻译

1. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned(使形成条件反射) mice to avoid saccharin(糖精) by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets.
[参考译文]1975年,罗切斯特大学医学院的心理学家Robert Ader在使老鼠对排斥糖精形成条件反射的试验中,喂食老鼠糖精的同时给它们注射了一种药剂,这种药在破坏老鼠的免疫系统的同时还会引起腹痛。
2. Where is industry’s and our recognition that protecting mankind’s great treasure is the single most important responsibility?
[参考译文]企业和我们个人什么时候才能意识到保护人类的资源宝藏是最最重要的责任呢?
3. If ever there will be time for environmental health professionals to come to the frontlines and provide leadership to solve environmental problems, that time is now.
[参考译文]如果说有需要环保专业人员站出来担负起领导责任的最佳时机的话,现在可谓是正当其时。
4. The Times newspaper agrees, complaining that quality has suffered as student numbers soared, with close tutorial supervision giving way to “mass production methods more typical of European universities.”
[参考译文]《泰晤士报》对此有同感,它报怨说,由于学生人数激增,教学质量受影响,因为个别指导不得不让位于“欧洲大陆国家高校里惯有的大规模生产方式”。
5. If food already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make sense to add dozens of new man-made ones.
[参考译文]尽管食品中已经含有了天然的致癌物质,但是,再人为地增加一些有毒物质也是很不应该的。
6. By studying mineral grains found in material ranging from rocks to clay articles, previous researchers have already been able to identify reversals dating back 170 million years, including the most recent switch 730,000 years ago.
[参考译文]通过研究岩石,陶器等一系列材料中含有的矿物颗粒,先前的研究人员已能够确认早在1.7亿年发生的磁场两极转化现象,以及发生在73万年以前的最新一次两极转化现象。
7. Several theories link polarity flips to external disasters such as meteor impacts.
[参考译文]有些理论将两极转化现象归因于诸如陨星撞击等外部因素。
8. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments.
[参考译文]人们能够学习的原因是:人的经历能够带来奖励或惩罚。换言之,如果人的某一行为得到的是鼓励,他重复这种行为;如果亿的某一行为带给他的是惩罚,他会避免这种行为。为了获得鼓励,避免惩罚,人会努力去做他人认可的事情,从而不断进步。
9. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life-from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept.
[参考译文]与事物的情感经历使我们产生了一种社会认同感,即认为某些事情或行为是好的,其他的是坏的。我们还把“好”和“坏”的分类推而广之,运用于社会生活的方方面面,——从我们吃的,穿的,到如何守信以及与什么人为伍等。
10. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends.
[参考译文]报告坚持认为,当前高校面临的危机不是由将知识运用于生产这一指导思想导致的,这一思想是完全正确的。
11. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor.
[参考译文]然而,尽管人们正在大谈特谈即将到来的令人神往的科技王国,却很少有人意识到这些技术发展中国家意味着什么。
12. The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global market, —with destructive impact on the have-nots.
[参考译文]信息技术使电子经济成为可能,而电子经济将进一步加强富国对全球市场的控制,从而给穷国家带来毁灭性的影响。
13. Home schoolers habor few kind words for public schools, charging shortcomings that range from lack of religious perspective in the curriculum to a herdlike approach to teaching children.
[参考译文]家庭教育的倡导对学校教育鲜有褒奖,他们指责学校教育的种种弊端,从课和表上没有宗教课到放牧的教育方法,不一而足。
14. Finally, advertisers try to begin commercials with sounds that are highly different from those of programming within which the commercial is buried.
[参考译文]最后,广告人员还运用各种方法使广告节目的声音不同于其他节目的声音。
15. The act, designed to protect species’ living areas, and policies that preserve land and forests compete with economic interests.
[参考译文]这一旨在保护动物生活场所的法案以及一些保护土地及森林的政策却与经济利益相抵触。
16. Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties while acting just the contrary.
[参考译文]你会说以貌取人不是美国人的做法,这不公平,令人难以置信然而,科学家们又一次证明我们言行不一。
17. Not content with its doubtful claim to produce cheap food for our own population, the factory farming industry also argues that “hungry nations are benefiting from advances made by the poultry industry.”
[参考译文]工厂养殖业已不满足于我国人口提供廉价食物的可疑说法,进一步提出了“让贫困国家从家禽养殖业的发展中受益”的论调。
18. then came the weakening of the U.S. dollar against major currencies.
[参考译文]其次,美元对世界其他主要货币的比价下跌。
19. Bottom retail prices—anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and Asia—have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind $79 billion in 1994.
[参考译文]比欧洲和亚洲低30%~70%的零售价价格吸引了约四千七百万的游客于1994年涌入美国,而这些游客为美国留下了79亿美元的收入。
20. It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive(欺骗性的)packaging rumpus(喧嚣)started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10 1/2 ounces, without any reduction in price.
[参考译文]参议员哈特一家在购买合装麦片时发现,包装盒变高了,变窄了,食品的分量也减少了,然而价格却分文未降。据说,由此在公众和议会中引发了一场关于欺骗性商品包装的轩然大波。
21. The producers of packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain even weights and volumes, but no one in the trade comments unfavorably on the huge costs incurred by endless changes of package sizes, materials, shape, art work, and net weights that are used for improving a product’s market position.
[参考译文]生产包装产品的商家极力反对在改变了包装上原有分量的商品,但他们却丝毫不反对为了扩大产品的市场优势,用于不断改变包装的大小、用料、形状、制作工艺以及商品的净重的大笔花费。
22. If the bottom half can’t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.
[参考译文]如果生产工人不能有效地完成有关的生产过程,那么,与这些过程相关的管理和专业职位亦将不复存在。
23. The biographer has to dance between two shaky positions with respect to the subject.
全句的字面意思是:传记作家不得不在与传主所处的摇摆不定位置之间跳来跳致病去。
隐含之义为:传记作家必须与传主保持适当距离,并要时常调整与传主间的距离。
24. In book promotions, the “unauthorized” characterization usually suggests the prospect of juicy gossip that the subject had hoped to suppress.
[参考译文]推销书时,未经授权的传记往往意味着读者有可能从中读到传主不希望公之于众的,绘声绘色的内幕故事。
25. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures.
[参考译文]然而,在日本,由婴儿从小背在母亲背上,他们对眼睛的依恋就不如生长在其他文化环境中的孩子那样深。
26. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintainance of conversational flow becomes evident when tow speakers are wearing dark glasses…
[参考译文]当谈话双方戴着墨镜时,双方的目光接触在保持交谈顺利进行方面的重要性就不言而喻了。
27. Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits.
[参考译文]其他的违法者或者逃亡国外,或者自杀,或者进监狱,计算机犯罪分子却不同,他们可以逃避惩罚,并且要挟不要指控他们,甚至还要求为他们出具有利的推荐信或者为他们提供其他好处,他们的要求往往能够得到满足。
28. The possibility of increases in the cost of uranium(铀)in addition to the cost of greater safety provisions could price nuclear power out of the market.
[参考译文]用于采取进一步的安全措施的费用加上铀价的上涨会使核能因价格过高而失去市场。
29. Having weighed up the arguments on both sides, it seems there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other than unclear power.
[参考译文]权衡核能赞成者和反对者的论据之后,从经济和生态两方面考虑,似乎有充分的理由认为应选用其他能源。
30. Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who people are, who they are not, and who they would like to be.
[参考译文]人们的穿着能够暗示他们是什么样的人,不是什么样的人,或可能会是什么样的人,因此,在我们判断一个人时起着关键作用。
31. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that while doing your work well may win you pay increases, it won’t secure you the big promotion.
[参考译文]科尔曼得出的结论如下:如今出色的工作表现十分普遍,虽说工作出色你可以加薪,但你未必能够高升。
32. Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think they’ve gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down(使…不突出)their visibility.
[参考译文]大多数女职员和黑人职员害怕人家说自己是因为性别或种族才得到提拔的,因此,他们尽量不去抛头露面。
33. The Oxford dictionary can therefore stand more vigorous scrutiny for cultural bias than the Longman dictionary because the latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of the world from the cultural perspectives of the English-speaking world.
[参考译文]因此,《牛津词典》比《朗读曼词典》更经得起文化偏见的严格审视,因为后者总是说英语国家的视角来评判其他国家的文化现象。
34. In reality, though the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of language learners, as will the other two dictionaries.
[参考译文]实际上,BBC词典将拥有比另外两本词典更广的读者群。
35. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple mindedness as he sees it-of citizens, social workers, doctors, law-makers, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform.
[参考译文]由于警察认为人们(市民,社会工作者,医生,立法人员以及法官)头脑简单—比如,法官不是重罚以消除犯罪而是量刑从轻以期促使罪犯改过自新—因此,他们与社会之间的隔阂更深一层。
36. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object.
[参考译文]予和机器人既是物理体,同样也是文化现象。
37. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but, custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace.
[参考译文]对于人脑的内部活动,我们认为特别值得研究。但对于传统风俗,我们却觉得那不过是最最平常的行为而已。
[B]Heal the liver![/B]

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荣誉之星 乐园开心

152
发表于 2003-8-23 20:37
38. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family.
[参考译文]约翰·杜威曾经十分认真地说过,风俗习惯对个人的行为的影响与个人对传统习惯的影响之比,正如一个人母语的词汇总量与他儿时从家庭用语中学会的儿童用语之比。
39. The most vivid body of “things” in it, of course, are musical instruments.
[参考译文]当然,音乐文化的最生动的物质载体是乐器。
40. Through the study of instruments, as well as painting, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra.
[参考译文]通过对图片、文字记载以及乐器等的研究,我们可以了解一千多年以前近东音乐传入中国的情况,也可以勒出近东音乐的影响波及欧洲并导致交响乐的大部分乐器发展和演变的大致轮廓。
41. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply.
[参考译文]战争冲突与竞争不同,前者可以定义为社会实体之间彼此对立的抗争,后者可定义为各个实体在单独获取供应不足的物资时所产生的对抗。
42. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive.
[参考译文]许多作家根据动物世界为生存而进行的斗争中具有适者生存的规律这一点,论证战争是不可避免的。
43. As Dr. Samuel Johnson said in different ear about ladies preaching, the surprising thing about computers is not that they think less well than a man, but that they think at all.
[参考译文]正如在不同时代,塞缪尔·约翰逊博士所谈论的女士布道一样,计算机的惊人之处不是它们的思考能力不如人类,而是它们居然会思考。
44. Finally, the line between the original and the copy becomes unclear.
[参考译文]最后,人类和计算机之间的界线将变得模糊起来。
45. Having evolved when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has an inherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of information simultaneously and acting on them quickly.
[参考译文]由于在其进化期间,人类的生活节奏较为缓慢,人脑形成了固有的缺陷,不能同时接收来自多个渠道的信息并迅速进行处理。
47. In an ideal world, there would be some ways of controlling quality such as that the VCR must be redesigned repeatedly until, say. 90 per cent of the time.
[参考译文]理想的社会里,一定会有办法来监控产品的质量。例如,对录像机,可以通过反复设计,最终达到,比方说,使90%的用户在90%的情况下能正确使用其90%的功能。
47. We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead.
[参考译文]要想知道未来会是什么样子,我们就要回顾过去。或者:回顾过去,我们可以据此展望未来。
48. No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digital communications and factory robots.
[参考译文]如果20年前的人们预想现在的情况,恐怕谁也无法预见到仅集成电路块一项发明,一旦将其运用于个人电脑、数字通信和工厂机器人身上,会给世界带来怎样的变化。
49. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes.
[参考译文]然而,有趣的是,如果长相平平的女士和漂亮的女士都有突然获得成功,人们会认为长相平平的女士的人际关系比漂亮女士好,而她们的能力却不如漂亮女士。
50. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to, journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the “how to ” aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications.
[参考译文]大多数的这类书和一些章节强调如何进行采访,而不是研究采访的概念性问题,比如采访的概念性问题,比如采访的背景以及含义。这些章节主要见于,但也不限于,报章杂志、广播手册以及新闻报道的书籍中。
2. 51. In the second stage, the question of whether the home economy was less efficient in producing these new goods and services was irrelevant; if the family were to enjoy these fruits of industrialization, they would have to be obtained in the marketplace.
[参考译文]在第二阶段,作坊经济生产提供这些新产品或新服务的效率是否低下已无关紧要。如果作坊成员要分享工业化的成果,他们必须到市场上去获得这些新产品和新服务。
52. Just as the appearance of the automobile made the use of the horsedrawn carriage illegal and then impractical, and the appearance of television to a source of background music, so most of the fruits of economic growth did not increase the options available to the home economy to either produce the goods or services or purchase them in the market.
[参考译文]正如汽车的问世使得马车成为非法品、继而使其毫无用武之地,电视的出现使收音机的娱乐功能收缩为只用来播放一些背景音乐一样,多数的经济成果并没有给家庭作坊经济提供更多的选择余地:是自行提供这些产品或服务,还是到市场上去购买,它已别无选择。
53. The neoclassical model that view the family as deciding…is basically a model of the first stage.
[参考译文]全句可理解为:把家庭看作可决定直接生产提供某些产品和服务还是到市场上去购买产品和服务的新古典主义模式,从根本上说,还是第一阶段的模式。
54. Ironically(讽刺性地), those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e.g., secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g., disclosures and truthful statements).
[参考译文]具有讽刺意义的是,在培养满意的人际关系方面,那些使我们不能很好地了解他人的事情(如隐秘、欺瞒)却跟那些有助于我们了解他人的事情(如自我展示、实话)一样重要。
55. Apple Computer, Inc. has introduced two new, faster personal computers, the Mackintosh II and Mackintosh SE, in anticipation of the introduction of a new PC by IBM, one of Apple’s major competitors.
[参考译文]由于预料到自己的主要竞争对手IBM将推出其新一代个人电脑,苹果电脑公司率先推出两款速度更快的新产品:Mackintosh II和Mackintosh SE.
56. Making Apple computers capable of running IBM software is Apple’s effort at making the Mackintosh compatible with IBM computers and thus more popular in the office, where Apple hopes to increase sales.
[参考译文]通过使自己的产品能够运行IBM软件,苹果公司希望使Mackintosh机与IBM电脑兼容、进而使其更适合办公室应用。苹果公司希望增加其产品在办公室应用方面的销量。
57. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable.
[参考译文]然而,考虑到我们对有关领域的研究能力,以及我们对这些领域的认识至少大体正确这一点,也许以相反的顺序排列这三类学科更为合理。
58. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.
[参考译文]虽然仅仅是基于对个体经验的非常不完善的研究,但各个社会中老百姓关于收入、开支、组织、婚嫁、参与政治、战争等的知识却与社会学家关于社会学的复杂知识并无二致。这些民间知识是人们日常生活的基础。
81. And when fifty years ago “being employed” meant working as a factory labourer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middleclass person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring intellectual and technical skills.
[参考译文]50年前,被雇佣意味着在工厂、农场当劳工。可是今天,雇员越来越多地来自中产阶级,他们受过较多的正规教育,从事对智力、技能要求较高的专业或管理工作。
82. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge.
[参考译文]可以肯定,人们失败的原因更多的是不懂得如何当好雇员,而不是缺乏本行业的专业技能。你的地位越高,担任的行政管理工作权力越大,你就越要注意如何在单位内部开展工作方面下功夫,这比技术能力和专业知识重要得多。
83. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines.
[参考译文]例如,由于工业自动化要求机器昼夜运转,人们能否轻松地把白天工作改成晚上工作就成为工业生产中日益重要地问题了。
84. When they change to night work the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance.
[参考译文]当他们改上夜班时,这个模式又要重新逐渐适应新的情况,这一适应变化的速度与整个身体的适应程度大体一致,从工作表现方面来看更是如此。
85. It has made living alone possible for persons with normal social impulses; …
[参考译文]电话的存在使得有着正常的人际交往欲望的人们可以离群索居。
86. Certainly it has extended the scope of human conflicts, since it impartially disseminates(传播)the useful knowledge of scientists and the nonsense of the ignorant, the affection of the affectionate and the malice(恶意)of the malicious.
[参考译文]当然,由于电话不偏不倚地传播科学家的真知,无知者的废话,仁者的爱心,歹徒的恶意,它也就扩大了人间冲突的范围。
87. To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies.
[参考译文]认为儿童通过模仿学习,因此认为给儿童树立榜样便是教育儿童的诀窍,这种观点把问题简单化了。
88. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly.
[参考译文]因此,儿童达到目的愿望之外,又有采用恰当方法的要求。亦即:因此儿童意识到,不仅要解决问题,还要解决得得体。
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荣誉之星 乐园开心

153
发表于 2003-8-24 22:45

完形填空

If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain41 consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 42 he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 43


  the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell insgroupsto 44 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45 the soil. He may also need money to constructirrigation 46 and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 47. He must either sell some of his property or 48 extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally hewill try to borrow money at a low 49 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 50 obtainable.

  41.A.other thanB.as well asC.instead ofD.more than

  42.A.only ifB.much asC.long beforeD.ever since

  43.A.forB.againstC.ofD.towards

  44.A.replaceB.purchaseC.supplementD.dispose

  45.A.enhanceB.mixC.feedD.raise

  46.A.vesselsB.routesC.pathsD.channels

  47.A.self?confidentB.self?sufficientC.self?satisfiedD.self?restrained

  48.A.searchB.saveC.offerD.seek

  49.A.proportionB.percentageC.rateD.ratio

  50.A.genuinelyB.obviouslyC.presumablyD.frequently

  41.C.instead ofother than表示“除了……,除……之外”。例如:

  There's nobody here other than me.

  除了我这里没别人。

  还可以表示“与……不同,与……不同的方式”。例如:

  You can't get there other than by swimming.

  你只能靠游泳游到那边去。

  as well as意为“和……一样,也……。”例如:

  He is a very versatile writer. He can write poems, plays, as well as novels.

  他是个多才多艺的作家。他可以写诗,剧本,还有小说。

  instead of表示“不是……(而是……)”,其后可加名词,动名词,介词词组。

  rather than:“而不是”。如:I'd like to stay at home this evening rather than go out. (今晚我更愿意呆在家里而不愿出门。)

  more...than:“与其……例不如……”。如:He's more of a fool than a knave. (与其说他是无赖,不如说他是傻瓜。)

  no more...than:“与……一样都不”。如:He's no more fit to be a minister than aschool boy would be. (他和小学生一样都不适于作部长。)

  no less than:“多达;与……一样;不比……差”。如:He walked no less than 3 miles. (他走了3英里之远。)It is no less than robbery to ask for so much. (要求那么多,简直是抢劫。)

  42. A.only if

  原句意思为“只有在他能产出多余的粮食的时候,才能继续养活自己和家庭。”此处需要的是一个表示条件的连词。只有A符合条件。

  43. B.against

  本题测试介词搭配。insurance及其同根动词insure均可与介词against搭配。如:A balanced diet is an insurance against malnutrition. (不偏食是防止营养不良的保证。)另外,请注意区别insure(保险)、ensure(确保)和assure(保证;郑重宣告;使确信)的用法,如:My house is insured against fire.(我的房子上了火灾保险。)A letter of introduction will ensure you an interview.(介绍信可以确保你得到一次面试机会。)We tried to assure the nervous old lady that flying in an airplane was quite safe.(我们尽力使这个神经紧张的老太太相信乘飞机是很安全的。)assure经常用在“assure someone that...”以及“assure sb. of sth.”结构中。

  44. A.replace

  各选项分别意为:

  A.replace①放回原处

  When you have finished using the axe, please replace it.

  当你用完斧子后,请放回原处。

  ②取代;代替

  George replaced Edward as captain.

  乔治接任爱德华当队长。

  ③(常与with, by连用)用……代替。例如:

  Jim broke Tom's cup and had to replace it with a new one.

  吉姆打破了汤姆的茶杯,为他换了个新的。

  B.purchase:购买。

  C.supplement:补充。

  D.dispose:安排;排列;安放。例如:

  I have disposed of my old clothes.

  我已处理了我的旧衣服。

  Man proposes, God disposes.

  谋事在人,成事在天。

  45.C.feed

  本句意为:(农民)购买化肥来肥田。此处用feed更符合原义。

  enhance表示“增加,增强,提高”。例如:

  Hopefully, the meeting will enhance the prospects of world peace.

  希望这次会议能增进世界和平。

  Good typing skills should enhance your chances of getting a job.

  过硬的打字技术会增加你找工作的机会。

  46. D.channels

  “灌溉渠”专有名词用channel。

  A.vessel表示“器皿,容器,船只,血管”。

  B.route的含义是“路线”,通常是迂回的,可以包括数条道路或街道,有时甚至包括小路、小巷。使用范围也较广。如:登山运动员所攀登的路线,实际上不是路;其他方面,如公共汽车所行经的“路线”,邮递员投递邮件的“路线”等。例:

  Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport.

  现代登山运动员力图从那些能给他们带来大量运动的路线登山。

  That postman is in charge of this route.

  那个邮递员负责这条投递线路。

  This bus route covers a large number of streets.

  这路公共汽车行经许多街道。

  C.path一般指小道、小径,特别是林间或田间小径,而且通常是由人走出来的,而不是修筑的。例如:

  The path cuts across the forest.这条小路穿过树林。

  He made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool.

  他修筑了几条整齐的小路,并且在池子上架起了一座木桥。

  47. B.self?sufficient

  各选项分别意为:

  A.self?confident:“自信的”。

  B.self?sufficient:“自给自足的”。

  C.self?satisfied:“自鸣得意的,自满的”。

  D.self?restrained:“有自制力的”。

  48. D.seek

  各选项的用法分别为:

  A.search要和for连用表示“搜寻,寻求”。

  B.save和后文的loan连用显然和文章原义不符。

  C.offer表示“给予”,和文章原义矛盾。

  D.seek表示“寻求”,为及物动词,是惟一正确的选项。

  49. C.rate

  interest rate (利率)为固定说法。

  其余选项:

  A.proportion:比例。

  B.percentage:百分比。

  D.ratio:比率。

  50. D.frequently

  本题从语篇角度测试词义辨析。结合上下文,obviously和genuinely(真实地,真正地)都不能使句子意思连贯。因此比较的重点在presumably和frequently。presumably表示“肯定……,很有可能……”,语气较肯定。例如:If she can write, presumably she can read too.(要是她能写,那她肯定也能读。)如果填入presumably,就意味着作者作道“农民肯定借不到低利率贷款”这一事实。因而,文章的最后一句话就成了画蛇添足:既然借不到,借款之事又何必提起?显然选择presumably并不符合作者意图。而填入frequently,可以清楚地说明“农民借款机会较少”的事实,从而有力地论证文章主题:农民生产、储备余粮是十分必要的。

  译文

  农民要想成功,必须在其消费与生产之间努力保持较大的距离。他必须储存大量的粮食,而不是将全部粮食马上消费掉。只有生产有剩余,他才能养活他自己及其家人。农民必须以如下三种方式来使用这些剩余粮食:作播种用,以防天有不测风云,当作商品卖掉以替换旧农具和买化肥来养肥土壤。要修建灌溉沟渠,或以其他方式改善农用,也可能需要钱。没有余粮,农民就不能自给自足。要么卖掉一些财产,要么通过贷款寻求资金。自然他会努力获得低息贷款,但是不能经常借到这种低息贷款。

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荣誉之星 乐园开心

154
发表于 2003-8-24 22:48

(形容颜色的词汇及用法)

英语中有许多形容色彩的词汇都有各自特殊的含义,不能按照字面的意思去理解。比如说:
green (绿色)
green hand 新手
例:We are green hands, so we must learn from the old workers.
作为新人,我们一定要向老工人学习。
green 面带病容
例:What's wrong with you? You are looking green.
你怎么了?脸色看起来很苍白。
green 嫉妒
例:I was absolutely green (with envy) when I saw his splendid new car.
我看到他那辆漂亮的新汽车就非常眼红。
green fingers 有园艺技能
例:I know that his father was green fingers.
我知道他爸爸很有园艺技能。

white (白色)
white coffee 加牛奶或奶油的咖啡
例:I want two white coffees.
我要两杯加牛奶的咖啡。
white lie 无恶意的谎言
例:Tom sometimes tells a white lie.
汤姆有时会撒一些无伤大雅的谎。
white elephant 无用而又累赘的东西(尤指大而昂贵之物)
例:That would be a white elephant to me.
那东西对我来说又贵又没用。

black (黑色)
a black look 恶狠狠的瞪
例:He gave me a black look.
他恶狠狠地瞪了我一眼。
in black and white 以书面的形式
例:I want this agreement in black and white.
我要求以书面的形式把这项协议写出来。
black sheep 败家子,害群之马
例:Tom is the black sheep of the family.
汤姆是个败家子。
blue (蓝色)
once in a blue moon 难得
例:She visits us once in a blue moon.
她难得来看我们一次。
blue 黄色的,有伤风化的
例:The blue film was banned by the censor.
那部黄色电影被当局禁了。
blue 忧郁、沮丧
例:He looks blue today.
他今天看起来很忧郁。
blue blood 贵族血统,名门出身
例:He is proud of his blue blood.
他为自己的贵族血统骄傲。
red (红色)
in/into/out of the red 有/没有亏损
例:The company has been in the red until he took over.
在他接手之前,公司一直都亏损。
see red 大怒,生气
例:Her criticisms were enough to make anyone see red.
她那些批评任谁都得火冒三丈。
catch somebody red-handed 当场发现某人正在做坏事或犯罪
例:The policeman caught the thief red-handed.
警察当场抓住了小偷。

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荣誉之星 乐园开心

155
发表于 2003-8-27 09:10

英译汉常用词的翻译

一、名词复数的翻译

  一般来说,名词复数的词义都是属于从抽象到具体的引申。所以我们在翻译时一定要加倍注意,以免造成歧义,可以察看以下实例:


  例1 The waters from the east are clear and blue ;they come from hills and valleysswheresplentiful forest and plant cover has kept the soil from being washed away.

  译文:东面的水流清澈碧蓝,因为那里的山峦和山谷都被茂密的树木覆盖着,泥沙没有被冲刷到河水中。

  例2 Such economies may appear when compared to President Carter's pay increase for most of his aids.

  译文:如果与卡特总统为大部分助理增加的薪金相比,这些节约措施看来也许是微不足道的。

  二、冠词的翻译

  例1 The fugitives traveled by night and rested by day.

  译文:逃亡者夜行昼伏。

  例2 Four of us will fly to New York.

  译文:我们中间有四人将飞往纽约。

  例3 Take an umbrella in case of rain.

  译文:带把伞去,以防下雨

  例4 The changes are an improvement in a way

  译文:这些变化从某种意义上说是一种进步。

  三、情态动词的翻译

  例1 汉语中有能愿动词,英语中有情态动词。情态动词的意义很不稳定,所以要准确翻译出can,could,dare,need,may,might,shall,should,must,will,would等动词的情态意义并不是一件容易事。一般来说,我们在理解情态动词的意义时,应该把握两点:一是掌握他们的基本意义,二是根据上下文来判断。情态动词可表示可能性、必然性、允许与拒绝、估计与判定、劝告与禁止、承诺与意愿、命令与要求等各方面的意思。

  汉语中的能愿动词有以下三类:

  (1)表“可能性”的能愿动词,如“能、能够、会、可以、可能”等;

  (2)表“倾向性”的能原动词,如“敢、肯、要、愿、愿意”等。

  (3)表“必要性”的能愿动词,如“该、应该、应当、必须、需要”等。

  通常,在英译汉中,我们可依赖以上三类能愿动词,但有些时候,仅仅凭借这些能愿动词还是不够的,这就需要我们借助于其他能够表示情态的实义词或虚词来实现句子中的情态意义。下面是具体实例说明:

  例1 Some psychological experiments are conducted on less regular basis and your efforts can be thankless.

  分析:该句中的情态动词can不表示“可能性、能力、意愿或许可”意义,它表示的是一种偶或可能性,通常译为“有时会、往往会”等。

  译文:有些心理实验做得并不很有规律,因此,你往往白费气力。

  例2 Electronic engineering and the further development of computer technology could provide the impetus needed in production.

  分析:could的意义有:(1)表示过去的能力或意愿,即can的过去式;(2)表示允许,常译为“只要…….。可以……”;(3)表示可能,只是在可能性上不及can;(4)表示“惊奇、怀疑”等,通常译为“竟能。真会、果真能,居然、却不料”等(5)表虚拟,指在虚拟语气中的使用;(6)表示“对过去时间的否定推论”,常译为“不可能、总不至于、不见得一定就、倒并没有”等意思;(7)表示“委婉、敬意”等,通常译为“….行吗?”或“可以、能”等。该句中的could表示的是“一般可能性”,所以我们把它译为“可以”。

  译文:电子工程和计算机技术的进一步发展则可以为生产提供所需要的动力。

  
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荣誉之星 乐园开心

156
发表于 2003-8-27 11:24

英译汉练习

It is predicted that there will be 5 scientific breakthroughs in 21st century.

  We will knowswhereswe came from. Why does the universe exist? To put it another way, why is there something instead of nothing? 41) Since the 1920s, scientists have known the universe is expanding, which means it must have started at a definite time in the past. They even have developed theories that give a detailed picture of the evolution of the time it was fraction of a second old to the present. Over the next couple of decade, these theories will be refined by data from extraordinary powerful new telescope. 42) We will have a better understanding of how matter behaves at the unfathomably high temperatures and pressures of the early universe.

  We'll crack the genetic code and conquer cancer.

  In 19th-century operas, when the heroine coughs in the first act, the audience knows she will die of tuberculosis in Act 3. 43) But thanks to 20th-century antibiotics, the once-dreaded, once-incurable disease now can mean nothing more serious than taking some pills. As scientists learn more about the genetic code and the way cells work at the molecular level, many serious diseases-cancer, for one-will become less threatening. Using manufactured "therapeutic" viruses, doctors will be able to replace cancer-causing damaged DNA with healthy genes, probably administered by a pill or injection.

  We'll live longer (120 years?).

  44) If the normal aging process is basically a furious, invisible in our cells-a contest between damage to our DNA and our cell's ability to repair that damage-then 21st -century strides in genetic medicine may let us control and even reverse the process. But before we push scientists to do more, consider: Do we really want to live in a worldswheresno one grows old and few children are born because the planet can hold only so many people?swhereswould new ideas come from? What would we do with all that extra time?

  We'll "manage" Earth.

  In the next millennium, we'll stop taking about the weather but will do something about it. We'll gradually learn how to predict the effects of human activity on the earth, its climate and its ecosystems". And with that knowledge will come an increasing willingness to use it to manage the working of our planet.

  We'll have a brain road map.

  Early in the next century, we will use advanced forms of magnetic resonance imaging to produce detailed maps of the neurons in operation. We'll be able to say with certainly which ones are working when you read a word, when you say a word, when you think about a word, and so on.45) This is the real "final frontier of the 21st century: the brain is the most complex system we know. It contains about 100 billion neurons (roughly the number of stars in the Milky Way), each connected to as many as 1,000 others.


41.自20世纪20年代以来,科学家已经了解到宇宙正在扩张。这就是说宇宙是在过去的某一特定时候开始形成的。科学家们甚至已经提出种种理论,详尽地描绘宇宙从它形成的最初一瞬间一直到现在的演变过程。

  42.同时,我们将进一步了解物质在宇宙初期不可思议的高温高压下,是如何表现的。

  43.但是,由于20世纪抗生素的出现,曾经是那样可怕的不治之症现在成了服点药片就万事大吉的事情。

  44.如果说通常的衰老过程主要是我们细胞内的一场激烈而不可见的竞赛的话(一场对我们的脱氧核糖酸进行破坏同我们体内的细胞对破坏的组织进行修复的竞赛),那么,21世纪遗传医学的巨大成就会使我们能够控制、甚至逆转这一过程。

  45.这是21世纪的一个真正的"尖端领域":人脑是我们所知道的最复杂的系统。它含有1000多亿个神经单元(大概是银河系中星星的数量),其中每一个神经元又连接到另外1000多种其他神经元。

  


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荣誉之星 乐园开心

157
发表于 2003-8-27 11:26

完型填空



  Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own. __66__the turn of the century when jazz (爵士乐) was born, America had no prominent
__67 __of its own. No one knows exactly when jazz was__ 68__, or by whom. But it began to be__69__in the early 1900s. Jazz is America's contribution to__70__music. In contrast to classical music, which__71__ formal European traditions. jazz is spontaneous and free-form. It bubbles with energy,__72__ moods, interests, and emotions of the people. In the 1920s jazz__73__like America. And__74__it does today.

  The__75__of this music arc as interesting as the music__76__, American Negroes , or blacks, as they are called today were the Jazz__77__. They were brought to the Southern states__ 78__ slaves. They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long__79__. When a Negro died his friends and relatives__80__a procession to carry the body to the cemetery. In New Orleans, a band often accompanied the__ 81__. On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion.__82__on the way home the mood changed. Spirits lifted. Death had removed one of their__83__, but the living were glad to be alive. The band played__84__music, improvising(即兴表演) on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes__85__at the funeral. This music made everyone wan to dance. It was an early form of Jazz .

  66. A) By B) At C) In D) On

  67. A) music B) song C) melody D) style

  68. A) discovered B) acted C) invented D) designed

  69. A) noticed B) found C) listened D) heard

  70. A) classical B) sacred C) Popular D) light

  71. A) forms B) follows C) approaches D) introduces

  72. A) expressing B) explaining C) exposing D) illustrating

  73. A) appeared B) felt C)seemed D) sounded

  74. A) as B) so C) either D) neither

  75. A) origins B) originals C) discoveries D) resources

  76. A) concerned B) itself C) available D) oneself

  77. A) Players B) followers C) fans D) pioneers

  78. A) for B) as C) with D) by

  79. A) months B) weeks C) hours D) times

  80. A) demonstrated B) composed C) hosted D) formed

  81. A) demonstration B) procession C) body D) march

  82. A) Even B) Therefore C) Furthermore D) But

  83. A) number B) members C) body D) relations

  84. A) sad B) solemn C) happy D) funeral

  85. A) whistled B) sung C) presented D) showed

  参考答案:

  66.B 67.A 68.C 69.A 70.C

  71.B 72.A 73.D 74.B 75.A

  76.B 77.D 78.B 79.C 80.D

  81.B 82.D 83.B 84.C 85.C
[B]Heal the liver![/B]

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荣誉之星 乐园开心

158
发表于 2003-8-27 11:28

英汉十大区别--谈考研英语英译汉

任何接触过考研英译汉题目的人无不感叹:太难了!的确,5个划线的句子大约是150个词,也就是说,每个句子差不多是30个词。对于这么长而复杂的句子,不是基础很扎实的人不犯晕才怪呢!但是,任何难题都有解决的办法,英译汉也毫不例外。英语和汉语是两种完全不同的语言,其思维方式和表达习惯可以说是千差万别,不了解这些差别,翻译时肯定
会四处碰壁、头破血流。因此,要解决翻译中的难题,一个很关键的步骤是了解英语跟汉语的区别。笔者根据多年来的教学经验,总结出了英语跟汉语的十大区别,下面我们就重点分析这十大区别:??

  一、英语重结构,汉语重语义

  我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过:“就句子的结构而论,西洋语言是法治的,中国语言是人治的。”(《中国语法理论》,《王力文集》第一卷,第35页,山东教育出版社,1984年)

  我们看一看下面的例子:?

  Chidren will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in_

  built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation

  will be in front of smell_television, and digital age will have arrived(2001年第72题)?

  译文:儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视前休闲,到这时数字时代就来到了。

  这句英语是由四个独立句构成的并列句,前三个句子都用简单将来时,最后一个句子用的是将来完成时,句子之间的关系通过时态、逗号和并列连词and表示得一清二楚。而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述,至于句子之间的关系完全通过句子的语义表现出来:前三个句子可以看成是并列关系,最后一个句子则表示结果。从中文到英文的翻译中,语义与结构的区别就更加明显。街头笑话"Good good study, day day up."和"You don know, who know!"之所以好笑,是因为"好好学习,天天向上。"和"你不知道,谁知道?"是典型的中文表达,直接翻译成英文不符合英文语法。正确的翻译其实很简单:Work hard and make progress everyday./If you don't know, who knows?动词Work和make是句子的核心,两者之间用并列连词连接;If引导从句使who knows成为整个句子的主句。如果没有这些结构上的调整,中文句子的语义是无法用英语表达出来的。

  二、英语多长句,汉语多短句?

  由于英语是"法治"的语言,只要结构上没有出现错误,许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达;汉语则正好相反,由于是"人治",语义通过字词直接表达,不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因,考研英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子,而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。

  例如:Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to thevalidity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.(99年第72题)?

  译文:人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣,这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战,还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。

  英文原句是个典型的长句,由27个词组成,中间没有使用任何标点符号,完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整:less through...and more from构成一个复杂的状语修饰动词arisen。在中文翻译中,"产生兴趣"这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达,两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达,整个句子被化整为零"…产生兴趣…,这与其说是因为…,还不如说是因为…。?

  下面我们再看一个简单的例子:?

  In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colours.?

  译文:门口放着一堆雨伞,少说有十二把,五颜六色,大小不一。?

  如果把这个句子译成"门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色大小不一的雨伞",中文明显有些拐扭,效果肯定就差远了。

  三、英语多从句,汉语多分句

  英语句子不仅可以在简单句(前面两个例子都是简单句)中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长,同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂,而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接,整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句,加上表达结构相对松散,英语句子中的从句翻成汉语时往往成了一些分句。

  例如:On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.(92年第75题)

  译文:总的来说,得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的,但是必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同;他也没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

  原文中两个only if引导的从句显然使整个句子变得很复杂,可是由于有并列连词but和and,整句话的逻辑关系十分清楚:…能够得出结论…但是只要…而且只要…。从上面的译文我们可以看出,为了使中文表达更加清楚,but only if...and only if...被首先提纲挚领地先来了个介绍:但是必须具备两个条件……,这种做法给我们的感觉是译文中没有从句,有的只是一些不同的分句。下面我们再看一个简单的例子:?

  Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me??

  译文:我有一个问题弄不懂,想请教你,你能回答吗??

  汉语用三个分句表达原文的意思,显然效果很好,如果译成:你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗?不仅效果不好,而且显得费劲。??

  四、英语多代词,汉语多名词?

  英语不仅有we、you、he、they等人称代词,而且还有that、which之类的关系代词,在长而复杂的句子,为了使句子结构正确、语义清楚,同时避免表达上的重复,英语往往使用很多代词。汉语虽然也有代词,但由于结构相对松散、句子相对较短,汉语里不能使用太多的代词,使用名词往往使语义更加清楚。请看下面的例句:

  There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.?

  译文:届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车,一旦这些汽车污染超标(或违规),监测器就会使其停驶。(2001年第71题)

  英文原句共使用了三个代词:关系代词that、宾格代词them和主格代词they,汉语译文中却只用一个代词"其",that被译成了名词"监测器",they被译成了名词"汽车"。这是因为汉语里没有关系代词,that从英语语法上讲指代的是先行词monitors,把它译成名词"监测器"就成了很地道的汉语表达。而如果把they译成"它们",汉语里就有可能语义不清,因为"它们"有可能指"汽车",也有可能指"监测器"。由此可见,英语里很多代词译成汉语时都要变成名词。?

  此外,许多考研翻译题中代词的指代对象往往不在划线部分,在这种情况下,代词更应该翻译成名词。

  例如:They are the possessions of the autonomous (self_governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.(2002年第64题)?

  译文:自由和尊严是传统理论当中自治者(自我约束者)拥有的最宝贵的东西,一个人必须对其行为负责,他的成绩必须得到赞扬,在这些实践中,自由和尊严是必不可少的。

  原文中的"they"在句中显然找不到指代对象,根据上下文,它应该指前面提到的freedom and dignity(自由和尊严),在翻译的时候如果译成"它们"就已经是表达不清,如果译成"他们",那显然就是大错特错的了,因此应该译成名词"自由和尊严"。?

  
[B]Heal the liver![/B]

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荣誉之星 乐园开心

159
发表于 2003-8-27 11:29
五、英语多被动,汉语多主动

  英语比较喜欢用被动语态,科技英语尤其如此。汉语虽然也有"被"、"由"之类的词表示动作是被动的,但这种表达远没有英语的被动语态那么常见,因此,英语中的被动在汉译中往往成了主动。下面我们先看一组常用被动句型的汉译:?

  It is said that...据说……?

  IT is believed that...据认为……?

  It is reported that...据报道……?

  It is estimated that...据估计……?

  It inust be pointed out that...必须指出……?

  it must be admitted that...必须承认……?

  It has been found that...实践证明……?

  It is suggested that...有人建议……?

  It is agreed that...人们同意……?

  It is imagined that...人们认为……?

  It can not be denied that...不可否认……?

  It will be seen from this that...由此可知……?

  It should be realized that...必须认识到……?

  It is (always) stressed that...人们(总是)强调……?

  It is (generally) considered that...大家(普遍)认为……?

  It may be said without fear of exaggeration that...可以毫不夸张地说……?

  这些常用被动句型属于习惯表达法,在科技英语中出现频率很高,考生不仅要熟悉这些句型的固定翻译,同时要认识到许多英语中的被动从习惯上来讲要译成汉语的主动。我们再看一个典型的例子:?

  And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.(93年第74题)?

  译文:许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比,认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握原文中有三个被动语态is imagined, be compared和be required,译成汉语都变成了主动表达:认为、相比和掌握。?

  有时候英语被动句译成被动和主动都可以,

  例如:?It must have been taken away by him.那一定是(被)他拿走了。?

  You will be drowned if you are not careful.若是不小心,你就会(被)淹死。?

  In the development of social economy, the culture tradition must be kept.

  在社会经济发展过程中,文化传统必须(被)保持。?

  The economic development is decided to great extent by science and technology.经济的发展在很大程度上是(由)科学技术决定的。有些英语被动需要把主语译成汉语的宾语,这样才能更加符合中文的表达习惯。

  例如:New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but

  is is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense

  of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the past time.(91年第72题)?

  译文:必须找到新的能源,这需要时间;而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不大可能再出现了。?

  "New sources of energy must be found"可以译成"新的能源必须(被)找到",但给读者的感觉表达得似乎有些"欧化",而用"必须找到新的能源"就显得自然贴切了许多。?

  六、英语多变化,汉语多重复?

  熟悉英语的人都知道,英语表达相同的意思时往往变换表达方式。第一次说"我认为"可以用"I think",第二次再用"I think"显然就很乏味,应该换成"I believe"或"I imagine"之类的表达。相比之下,汉语对变换表达方式的要求没有英语那么高,很多英语中的变化表达译成重复表达就行了。请看下面的例子:?

  The monkey's most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle.(R, Quirk)?

  译文:这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候,这只猴子已经学会了单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。tractor和vehicle在句中显然都表示"拖拉机",英语表达上有变化,而译成汉语时使用了重复表达法。?由于英语喜欢用代词,汉语喜欢用名词,这也使英语多变化、汉语多重复的特点更加突出。

  例如:He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others.?

  译文:他讨厌失败,他一生中曾战胜失败,超越失败,并且藐视别人的失败。?

  同样,英语中的变化表达有时也不能在划线句子中寻找到另外一种表达,这就需了解英语的表达特点,善于从文章中或者运用常识寻找答案。例如:?

  You have all heard it repeated that men of sicence work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sost of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.(93年第73题)?

  译文:你们都多次听说过,科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的,而且从某种意义上来说,他们依靠这种方法力求从自然界归纳出某些自然规律,然后根据这些规律,用自己的某种非同一般的本领,建立起他们的理论。"men of science"显然是"scientists"的另外一种说法,在93年的英译汉文章中,作者还使了"a man of science"、"a scientific man"之类的表达法,掌握了英语变化表达的特点,就能很轻松地把它们都译成"科学家"。?

  七、英语多抽象,汉语多具体?

  做翻译实践较多的人都有这样的体会:英文句子难译主要难在结构复杂和表达抽象上。通过分析句子的结构,把长句变短句、从句变分句,结构上的难题往往迎刃而解。表达抽象则要求译者吃透原文的意思、用具体的中文进行表达,这对考生往往具有更大的挑战性。

  下面我们先看一组例子:?

  disintegration 土崩瓦解?

  ardent loyalty 赤胆忠心?

  total exhaustion 精疲力尽?

  far_sightedness 远见卓识?

  careful consideration 深思熟虑?

  perfect harmony 水乳交融?

  feed on fancies 画饼充饥?

  with great eagerness 如饥似渴?

  lack of perseverance 三天打鱼,两天晒网?

  await with great anxiety 望穿秋水?

  make a little contribution 添砖加瓦?

  on the verge of destruction 危在旦夕?

  从上面的例子不难看出,英语表达往往比较抽象,汉语则喜欢比较具体。我们再看一个翻译

  真题:Until such time as mankind has the senseto lower its population to the pointswheresthe planet can provide a comfortable supportfor all, people will have to accept more "unnatural food."(91年第74题)?

  译文:除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度:使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食,否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。?

  原文中有三个抽象的名词:sense, point和support和两个抽象的形容词comfortable和unnatural。根据大纲中词汇表提供的解释,sense可指“感觉”、“判断力”,point的意思是“点”,support的意思是“支撑(物)”、“支持(物)”,comfortable是“舒适的”,unnatural是“非自然的”,都是意思十分抽象的词,如果不进行具体化处理,译文就可能是这样:除非人类有这样的感觉,把人口减少到这样的,使地球能为大家提供舒适的支持,否则人们将不得不接受更多的"非自然的食物"。这种没有经过加工的译文不仅别人难理解,译者本人也不一定明白,把抽象的意思具体化其实就是一种深层的理解和有效的表达。?

  八、英语多引申,汉语多推理

  英语有两句俗话:一是You know a word by the company it keeps.(要知义如何,关键看词伙),二是Words do not have meaning, but people have meaning for them.(词本无义,义随人生)。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的,而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说,这种活用是词义和用法的引申,翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申,译者就需要进行推理。

  例如:While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.(99年第71题)

  译文:尽管关于历史的定义几乎和历史学家一样多,现代实践最符合这样一种定义,即把历史看作是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释。

  "recreate"根据构词法和一般词典上解释都是“重新创造”,而考研英语大纲词汇表中只有名词"recreation",所给词义为"娱乐、消遣",在这种情况下,考生很容易把recreate译成“重新创造”或者“娱乐”。仔细观察一下recreate在句中的用法,不难发现它带有宾语the significant events of the part(过去的重大历史事件)。从逻辑上来讲,"过去的重大历史事件"是不能"重新创造"的,作者显然对recreate一词的词义进行了引申,再

  想想我们生活中发生的情况:历史、文学、电影、电视经常向我们展示过去发生的事情,这种展示用恰当的中文表达就是“再现”,所以,句中用"再现"译recreate才是正确的理解和表达。做翻译的人经常会有这样一种感受:某个词明明认识,可就是不知道该怎样表达。这其实就是词的引申和推理在起作用。现在我们看一看sure这个词在不同句子中的处理情况:?

  ①I am not quite sure of hisshavingssaid it.?

  我不能确定他是否说过这话。?

  ②This is the surest guarantee that we shall be successful.?

  这是我们取得成功最可靠的保证。?

  ③He made a sure step out of the mud.?

  他从泥淖中跨出了稳健的一步。?

  ④She had a sure grasp of the subject.?

  她对于这门学科的知识掌握得很牢固。?

  ⑤He is very srue in his beliefs.?

  他的信仰十分坚定。?

  5个sure分别译成了“确定”、“可靠的”、“稳健的”、“牢固”和“坚定”,如果都译成大家熟悉的"确信的"、"肯定的",中文译文岂不成了天书?原文词义稍有引申,译文就要进行适当的推理。

  九、英语多省略,汉语多补充

  英语一方面十分注重句子结构,另一方面又喜欢使用省略。英语省略的类型很多,有名词的省略,动词的省略,有句法方面的省略,也有情景方面的省略。在并列结构中,英语往往省略前面已出现过的词语,而汉语则往往重复这些省略了的词。

  例如:①Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.?

  野心不仅是罪恶的根源,同时也是毁灭的根源。?

  ②Reading exercises one's eyes; speaking, one's tongue; while writing, one's mind.(F. Bacon)?

  阅读训练人的眼睛,说话训练人的口齿,写作训练人的思维。?

  ③Association with the good can only produce good, with the wicked, evil.?

  近朱者赤,近墨者黑。?

  ④One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.?

  一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。?

  在考研英译汉中,省略是一种很常见现象。例如:?

  Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situat

  ion depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative

  validity and upon such factors as cost and avilability.?

  译文:因此,究竟是使用测试,其它种类的信息,还是在特定的情况下两者都使用,取决于关于相对效度的来自经验的证据,同时还取决于中成本和可获得性这样的因素。?whether...or...是并列连词,or前面省略了不定式to use, and upon中间省略了动词depends,译文中补充了"使用"和"取决"。?

  十、英语多前重心,汉语多后重心

  在表达多逻辑思维时,英语往往是判断或结论等在前,事实或描写等在后,即重心在前;汉语则是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论,即重心在后。

  试比较:I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.?

  译文:由于贵国政府的提议,才得以这样快地重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。?

  The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely contested.?

  译文:如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位,不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展,要享受其基本权利,即使不是不可能,也是不容易的。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。不难看出,英语和汉语的重心在句中的位置有时是不一样的,翻译的时候如果不进行调整,势必给表达造成很大的困难。以上是英语跟汉语在思维方式和表达习惯上的十大区别。只有了解这些区别,才能对英译汉有正确的认识,才能在翻译中抓住重点,找到解决问题的办法。
[B]Heal the liver![/B]

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荣誉之星 乐园开心

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发表于 2003-8-28 07:26

考研英语写作困境与对策

考生在考研写作时面临一些困境和问题,主要有以下几点:

  一、滔滔不绝"意识流"

  有一部分考生在考试时一见到作文题,便感到很对自己的胃口,觉得有很多内容要写。于是乎千言万语涌上心头,写着前一句想着后一句。往往前句尚未写完便接上了后一句,辛辛
苦苦写了一大堆(甚至有写11个自然段的)犹觉余意未尽。结果令判卷的老师头疼不己,无法继续往下看。原因就在于这种没有构思、未理提纲的作文章法太乱,语言质量差。无论是四、六级考试还是研究生入学考试,我国的作文试题都是规定式作文(controlled writing),这跟国外考试(如TOEE)不一样。因此,写作时必须按给出的提纲或提示去写,任何过于放任自由的做法都是不可取的,更不要另有所图,滔滔不绝。这是进入实际操作前的一个基本认识问题,稍不留神就会出问题。

  要控制这种"意识流"的写法,必须严格按照三点提纲来写。假如第一段要求描述某个现象,务必不要先进行原因分析,否则到了第二段该分析原因的时候就没东西可写了。明智的做法是投其所好,该如何就如何,这一原则适用于所有的考试。另外,有的考生一方面有话则多,一发而不可收,控制不了自己;一方面无话则隐,该说的话没有说出来。我们不妨把作文的要求量化到每一个段落:一篇200词左右的作文一般不会超过15句话,把这15句话根据题目要求分配到各段中去,每一段大模只说那么几句话,绝不多说。事实上往往是说得越多,错误越多。因此,眼着提纲走,每一段不要写得太多,点到为止,见好就收,这才是最稳妥的对策。

  二、无话可说真难受

  无话可说是滔滔不绝的对立面。有的考生题目看得懂,提纲也一目了然,就是不知道该说什么,在考场上头脑一片空白,想到的也只是空泛的东西。这是一种常见的现象。在这种情况下,即使是用中文也难以写好,更何况要用英文去表达。针对这一情况,办法就是要善于联想到一些具体的事实、具体的例证以及具体的现象。比如说,要谈论电视节目这一话题,可以联想到新闻联播,并由此想到它让人们开阔视野,了解世界。但有人觉得话题太熟悉了,反而一时说不出什么来。其实,作文题一定是永恒的话题,在任何时候都可以讨论;或为当代话题,让所有的人都有话可说。题目是公平的,绝对不会让某一专业的考生有特别的优势。所以,考生一定能联想起具体细小的事情,再形成观点。把看得见摸得着的事物带来的思考变成作文里的实质内容,这不失为一种很好的策略。例如,计算机的利与弊这个话题似乎太大,但是可能想到的具体的现象是小孩、学生要在计算机前玩计算机游戏。由此带来的思考是,这些学生整天呆在那里对他们的mind是有害的,并waste a lot of time。

  因此,当头脑出现空白时,应该由具体细小的、琐碎的、微不足道的事物所引发的思考形成观点,再进行论述。这种定式思维的形成需要多下功夫多练习。从无话可说到有话可说,下面的例子让人不无启发。在种种场合下,经常要欢迎领导讲几句话。领导往往首先开口说:同志们大家好,我利用这个机会讲三句话。讲第一句话时,脑子里不知道第二句话是什么,讲第二句话时,根本就没想第三句话要说什么。但他最终说了三句话,以"谢谢大家"结束讲话。领导讲话"1、2、3"成了一种定式,他总能找到有关内容讲几点,这种功夫是长期磨练的结果。写作文也一样,平时需要多多练习这种思维。

  三、真情流露没必要

  考试时,监考老师通常发现有的考生坐在那里根本就是在玩深沉,他在那里思考人生的伟大哲理;他在那里要想出一个观点,想出一个理由,想出一个措施,非要显得与众不同。陷入这种境地的考生,显然犯了一个根本性的错误。参考时间为40分钟的作文,一般应该在35分钟之内完成,再用几分钟的时间检查语言错误。可有的考生十几分钟一句话都写不了,就是因为他太进入角色了,他想向判卷的老师掏心掏肺。这是一个很大的误区。

  考作文的目的纯粹是通过这一命题形式,考查考生的英语水平如何。命题人关注的是书面表达能力,而不是看一个人有没有内容,思想有没有深度。以2000年考研作文题为例(为什么海洋里的鱼越来越少),原因基本成立,内容相关即可,根本没有必要想破脑袋去找原因,不要去猜测判卷的老师喜欢什么观点。只有当作文明显跑题时,内容才体现出其重要性。不管原因也好,措施也好,某一考生想到的任何一点,很可能命题人早已料到,而且肯定会被成千上万的考生重复无数遍。因而曾经令自己激动一时的想法,在判卷的老师看来全无感觉。规定式作文的拓展空间本来就非常有限,所以"真情流露"是没有必要的。

  四、英语表达憋得慌

  如果说以上几点都明白了,剩下的最大障碍就是用英语表达意思很困难。对于这一点,首先要树立信心。实际上,大部分考生都受过正规的大学英语教育,即使是一些自学的考生,其英语水平也足以写好一篇考研作文。关键在于要把这种潜力挖掘出来。《朗文词典》(Longman Didonary)的最大特点,就是用2000个核心词来解释几十万个词条,而且词条大都有几个义l项。由此可见,并不一定要用多么复杂l的英语来表达,也不一定非得添加一些高难度的单词以加深判卷老师的印象。事实上,简单的语言也能表达复杂的事物。著名的美国作家海明威的作品以其明白晓畅的语言吸引了千千万万的读者,就是一个明证。

  要求考生运用英语思维来写作文是不现实的。如果能用英语思维,也就谈不上会遇到多大的困难了。在实际写作过程当中,脑子里想的是中文句子,然后把一个一个的中文句子译成英文。在翻译的时候努力寻求一一对应的关系,希望找到与中文词对应的英文单词。结果句子结构和单词的选用受到中文的影响,自己感觉上也是"憋"得费劲,或者觉得表达出来了,意思差不多,而实际上给人的感觉依然还是中文。若是让老外来看这篇作文的话,也许根本就弄不清楚文章的内容,而判卷的中国老师在判卷时往往能想象出文章是怎样写出来的。在这种情况下,出路在于把中文译成英文时,不要去追求一一对应的关系,而应该"得其意,忘其形"(get the meaning,forget the form),忘掉中文的语法结构,句法形式则可能要整个地打乱,"钻进去,跳出来"。所谓"钻进去"就是要看意思是否到位了,"跳出来"就是要忘记中文的语言形式。实际上把英文译成中文,也是一样的道理,关键是要在转换中把意思表达出来。如果写出来的句子整个结构都在对应,无异于用英语词说中国话,这显然是不合适的。

  词汇掌握有限的考生,可以经常看一看朗文词典中词条的英文注解,这对于提高写作的表达能力会有巨大的帮助。整部词典成千上万的词义全部用2000左右常用词汇解释。随意翻开词典的任何一页,找出其中不认识的单词,然后看后面的英文注释。要找不认识的单词,因为在急于知道意思的情况下看注解,印象才深刻。要先学人家怎么表达,再学会自己表达。有的人简单地认为,只要记了单词和语法,就可以高兴怎么表达就怎么表达,这样的人永远学不好英语。记住一个词跟学会使用这个词是两码事。BBC的一个材料上说,英国农民一辈子最常用的、基本上能够表达他所有情感世界和日常生活的词大概不到一千。农民也有喜怒哀乐,在这一点上,一个农民的情感世界跟一个伟大诗人的情感世界是没有什么区别的,而且用简单的语言把复杂的意思表达出来也可谓之伟大。对于一个一时找不着词的概念,‘应该用一种迂回曲折的方式把意思表达清楚。或用一个短语,或用一个从句,或三言两语,如果没出什么语言错误的话,这也算是一种伟大!

  针对英语表达"憋得慌"的情况,必须摒弃翻译中追求一一对应的关系并机械地把中文译成英文的方法,应该把中文句子结构彻底地忘记,然后用比较简单的"万能"英语表达。平常不妨做一做这样的练习,通过阅读不认识的词条的英文注解,然后试着把单词译成中文词,再去对照英汉词典的汉语释义,慢慢地就会开始领会用英语表达的门道了。之所以强调这样做,是因为朗文词典语言简明,例句来自活生生的现实生活,不同于传统的英语词典从文学作品里摘录例句的做法。正因为如此,其词汇量比较贴近我们的词汇基础,只要读得多占自然就会明白这样好。做的奥妙,进而受其影响。

  五、处于被动危害大

  尽管考研作文为规定式命题,但考生仍可积极主动地把作文写。其主动性在于采取回避的策略:表达上采取迂回的方式,即运用不很复杂的语言,内容的取舍上避重就轻地写比较易于表达的内容。很多人在写作过程中从头至尾都处于被动状态,当有内容想要表达清楚的时候,却又发现种种途径都不可能表达好,只好硬着头皮把自己意识到没把握的东西勉强写上去。毫无疑问,这种连自己都意识到可能是错误的东西,只会产生于己不利的负面作用。所以,当有的内容感觉一点找不着、英语实在表达不清楚的时候,就应该彻底地放弃。开动脑筋多想几点内容、理由和措施,假设想到四条理由,但因为语言表达的问题,其中一条理由说不清楚,那么就应当机立断地把它放弃,写上另外三点理由就可以了(或许两点就够了)。由此可见,积极主动的态度会使自己在考试中有更大的灵活性。

  单词拼写错误多也是考研作文的一大问题。例如,opinion错拼为opium,结果in my opinion成了in my opium(在我的鸦片中)!常用单词是不能拼错的。有的单词平时会拼写,考试时突然没把握了,比如modern sod-ety,假如不知道modern与IElorden哪一个是对的,不妨换成society today或today's society,或许还能想起另外一个难度大一点、拼写有把握的con-tempomy来代替modem。应该回避明确知道自己不会拼写的词:如果没法换一个词,将句子改换一种说法亦未尝不可。有的考生在考卷上没把握的地方标上问号,或者两种可能都写上,让判卷老师判断后选择其中一个,这是不可取的,是有害的。

  总之,不能让自己陷人被动,想说什么、用什么方式说,说多少、说到什么时候,说到什么程度,一切都应由考生主动把握,这样才会减少心理上的压力,更好地发挥出自己应有的写作水平。
[B]Heal the liver![/B]
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