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3. 词义辨析
如果单纯地是精确定义,可能还是不够显得差距,但是我觉得汉语字典里最最欠缺的还是词义辨析。我英语的语感自然不能跟汉语比,但是有时候英语里的词义的区别反而比汉语里的更清楚。
例如,上面的隐喻,《现代汉语词典》告诉我们,也叫「暗喻」,然后兴冲冲地翻到「暗喻」的词条那里一看,暗喻的解释就是「隐喻」,天那,难道我们就这么创造了两个完全一摸一样的词么?为什么不砍掉一个?(按我的理解,暗喻更强调在修辞里的作用,隐喻还指示了某种哲学和形而上学上的类似。当然,这只是我个人的见解。)《现代汉语词典》里其他的模糊之处就不多说了,例如「晦涩」跟「隐晦」,大体上你只能靠自己的语感来猜测,再比方说其他的「暗指」「暗示」,这些微妙的词性的变化之令人头疼,可能考过公务员考试的人都对此深有感触。
反之英语高级词典里的这些东西基本上一下解释得清清楚楚,例如上面字典里提到了 analogy, likeness, 难免会想其中的差别是什么,我手边的 Mac 自带的 New Oxford American Dictionary 里面对 likeness, affinity, analogy, resemblance, similarity, similitude 的词性的辨析:
Two sisters who are only a year apart in age and who are very similar to each other in terms of appearance and personality would be said to bear a likeness to one another.
Similarity applies to people or things that are merely somewhat alike (there was a similarity between the two women, both of whom were raised in the Midwest), while(仅仅是相似)
resemblance suggests a similarity only in appearance or in superficial or external ways (with their short hair and blue eyes, they bore a strong resemblance to each other). (强调的是外表和外在上的相似)
Affinity adds to resemblance a natural kinship, temperamental sympathy, common experience, or some other relationship (she has an affinity for young children).(在 resemblance 上面又加上了自然的联系)
Similitude is a more literary word meaning likeness or similarity in reference to abstract things (a similitude of the truth). (更抽象)
An analogy is a comparison of things that are basically unlike but share certain attributes or circumstances (he drew an analogy between the human heart and a bicycle pump).
何时能在汉语词典里看到如此详尽的辨析呢? |
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