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发表于 2002-9-5 20:13
Liver Glossary
abdomen
largest body cavity that contains the stomach, small intestines, colon, rectum, liver, spleen, pancreas, gall bladder, bladder, kidneys and appendix
abdominal
relating to the abdomen
acetaminophen
pain reliever and aspirin substitute found in over-the-counter drugs like Tylenol
acute
happening suddenly over a short period of time
anemia
decrease in the normal level of red blood cells in the bloodstream
anterior
at or toward the front
Albumin [al BYOO min]: a protein in the serum that transports substances such as drugs and prevents leakage of fluid into the surrounding tissues.
Alkaline phosphatase [AL kuh lin FAHS fah tays]: protein found in bile duct cell membranes; blood levels may be increased in any liver disease, but more markedly with cholestasis.
Alhph 1 - antitrypsin [AL fah -1 an tigh TRIP sin]: plasma protein produced by the liver that inhibits the activity of trypsin and other proteolytic enzymes; inherited deficiency leads to emphysema and sometimes cirrhosis.
alimentary canal
continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus in which food is processed and eliminated
Aminotransferase [ah MEE noh TRANS fir ays]: hepatocyte enzyme that modifies proteins; blood levels increase in the setting of hepatocellular necrosis (hepatocyte death). The two aminotransferases important in liver disease are AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase).
Antibodies: proteins produced in response to a specific antigen, which can then combine with that antigen and neutralize it.
Antigens: a molecule with a specific configuration that is recognized by the immune system; usually part of a protein or sugar. It stimulates the formation of a specific antibody and can elicit an allergic reaction, or otherwise trigger an immune response.
artery
a muscular tube that carries blood away from the heart and to all of the other organs of the body
Ascites [uh SIGH teez]: accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, usually secondary to liver scarring and increased sinusoidal pressure. Intractable ascites is unresponsive to treatment and continually recurs.
asymptomatic
without symptoms
Autoimmunity [AW toh im MEWN it ee]: a state or disease in which the body's immune system attacks the body's own tissues.
benign
not cancerous; does not spread to other parts of the body; the opposite of malignant
Bile: greenish fluid formed by the liver and emptied into the small intestine via the bile ducts; contains bilirubin, bile salts, phospholipids, and cholesterol.
bile duct
tube that carries bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum
Bilirubin [BIL ee roo bin]: a bile pigment cleared from the bolld by the liver; formed as a breakdown product of old red blood cells; marked increase in blood levels can lead to jaundice from deposition of bilirubin in skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eyes.
Board Certified
certification from the American Board of Surgery that the surgeon has the skills necessary to specialize in surgery
Caput medusae [KAP ut muh DOO see]: literally "Medusa's head"; dilated, varicose veins around the umbilicus, which may be seen in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.
capillaries
smallest blood vessels of the circulatory system that connect arteries and veins; also referred to as capillary beds and network of capillaries
carcinogen
any substance that is known to cause cancer
catheter
a flexible tube inserted into the body to transfer fluids
Ceruloplasmin [suh ROO loh PLAZ min]: copper transporter protein; blood levels are usually decreased in Wilson's disease.
circulatory system
network of tissues that transports blood through out the body; consists of blood vessels and the heart
chemotherapy
treatment of cancer with anti-cancer drugs
Cholestasis [hoh luh STAY sis]: blockage or suppression of bile flow, from either intrahepatic or extrahepatic causes.
chronic
an illness lasting a long time or recurring
Cirrhosis [sur ROH sis]: pathologically-defined disease characterized by diffuse, irreversible fibrosis of the liver surrounding regenerative nodules.
Coagulopathy [koh AG yoo LAH puh thee]: increased bleeding tendency due to decreased hepatic synthesis of clotting factors.
colorectal
relating to the colon and the rectum
contrast dye
special dye usually injected into the body to stain certain cells making them easier to image and interpret
Decompensation: failure of the liver to compensate for damage or injury, resulting in a decrease in liver functions.
digestive tract
group of organs in the body that together provide digestive functions; consists of the mouth, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, the large intestine and the anus
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid; nucleic acid found in the chromosomes in cells that transmits hereditary information when the cells reproduce
duodenum
first section of the small intestine
Dysplasia [dis PLAY zhuh]: alteration in size, shape, and organization of cells; may be precursor of cancer.
Encephalopathy [en SEF uh LAH puh thee]: alteration in sleep patterns and mental status, ranging from forgetfulness and mild confusion to coma; may be caused by circulating gut-derived brain-toxic proteins not cleared by a dysfunctional liver.
endothelial cells
flattened cells joined together to form a membrane; found in the lining of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, on the surface of the rain and spinal cord and in the eye
estrogen
a female sex hormone
falciform ligament
band of strong fibrous tissue that connects the right lobe and the left lobe of the liver
Fibrosis [figh BROH sis]: the formation of fibrous tissue, or scarring.
Fulminant: running a speedy course, with rapid worsening.
gastrointestinal system
consists of the esophagus, stomach, liver, small and large intestines
general anesthetic
a drug that puts the patient to sleep
Hemochromatosis [HEE moh KROH mah TOH sis]: toxic accumulation of iron in organs leading to dysfunction, including cirrhosis; may be genetic (inherited increase in gut iron absorption) or a result of massive blood transfusions.
hemoglobin
a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
hepatic artery
blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to the liver from the heart
hepatic portal vein
blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from the liver back to the heart
Hepatitis [HEP uh TIGH tis]: inflammation and damage to the liver; generally considered acute if duration is less than 6 months, chronic if greater than 6 months.
Hepatocellular necrosis: localized tissue death of hepatic cells.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): a primary liver tumor more common in patients with cirrhosis.
Hepatocytes: liver cells.
Hepatorenal [HEP uh togh REE nahl] syndrome: poorly understood terminal kidney failure in the setting of hepatic disease.
Homeostasis [HOH mee oh STAY sis]: tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment, using a variety of counterbalancing control systems.
Hyperbilirubinemia [HIGH pur BIL ee roo bin EE mee uh]: abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the blood.
Hodgkin's Disease
rare form of cancer that affects the lymphatic system
ibuprofen
pain reliever and anti-inflammatory found in over the counter drugs like Advil and Motrin
Icterus: see Jaundice.
Idiopathic [ID ee oh PATH ik]: autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (IACAH): chronic hepatitis of unknown origin; associated with a variety of anti-self antibodies; progresses to cirrhosis and decompensation unless treated with corticosteroids.
implants
a small container of radioactive material placed near cancer cells
inferior vena cava
large vein that returns blood to the heart from all of the organs below the diaphragm
intraarterially
injected into an artery
intravenously
injected into a vein
Jaundice [JAHN dis]: hyperbilirubinemia, with deposition of bile pigment in the skin, mucous membraes, and sclerae (whites of eyes), resulting in a yellow appearance of the patient; also called icterus.
Kayser-Fleischer rings: golden-brown rings in the corneas due to copper deposition in Wilson's disease.
Kupffer cells: "scavenger" cells that remove foreign matter, worn-out blood cells, and bacteria from the liver
lesion
generally, a wound; can refer to an injury, infection or a tumor
ligament
strong fibrous tissue that connects bones, cartilage and muscle
Limiting plate: layer of hepatocytes surrounding each portal triad and separating it from the surrounding sheets of hepatocytes.
local anesthetic
a drug that blocks pain and deadens the area where it is applied
Lobule [LAHB yool]: "structural" unit of the liver; shaped like a hexagon on cross section, with six portal triads at the periphery and a central vein.
lymph nodes
small glands located throughout the lymphatic system that store cells that help fight infection and disease
lymphatic system
the tissues and organs that produce, store and transfer cells that help fight disease and infection; consists of bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and the lymphatic vessels
malaise
vague feeling of discomfort like the onset of an illness
malignant
cancerous; cancer cells that may spread to other parts of the body
metastases
cancer cells that have spread from a primary site to another location in the body
metastatic
adjective used to describe cancer cells that have spread from a primary site somewhere else in the body
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
cancer of the lymphatic system that is not Hodgkin's
noninvasive
adjective used to describe a procedure that is external and that minimizes side effects; refers to all procedures that do not "break the skin"
oncologist
physician specializing in the treatment of cancer
oral contraceptives
pills used by women to provide birth control
palliative
the process of relieving the symptoms of disease without curing it; the act of making the patient more comfortable
peritoneum
the tissue the lines the inside of the abdominal cavity
platelets
special blood cells that cause blood to clot and stop bleeding
Portal hypertension [POR tahl HIGH per TEN shun]: abnormal increase in portal blood pressure, usually due to obstruction of, or increased resistance to, portal blood flow.
Portal system: includes all the veins that drain the small and large intestines, stomach, and spleen and that converge into the portal vein to drain into the liver.
Portal triad (or tract): consists of three components: branch of the hepatic artery, branch of the portal vein, and a biliary duct, all held tightly together by a limiting plate of hepatocytes at the periphery of the lobule.
Portosystemic [POR toh sis TEM ick] shunting: development of blood vessels that connect the portal and systemic circulation while bypassing the liver.
primary tumor
the first mass of cancer cells to develop in the body
primary care physician
the physician one visits for physical exams and minor illnesses
Prognosis: prediction as to the probable outcome of a disease.
Prothrombin [proh THRAHM bin] time (PT): laboratory test that measures the clotting of blood in seconds; abnormally increased PT signifies bleeding risk due to deficient synthesis of clotting proteins.
Pruritus: itching.
radiation
process of releasing energy as particles or waves from a central source outward
radiation oncologist
physician specializing in the use of radiation therapy to treat cancer
radiation therapy
treatment that uses x-rays to kill cancer cells; also called radiotherapy
radioactivity
release of alpha and beta particles and gamma rays when atoms of one element change to atoms of another element
radiologist
physician specializing in making and interpreting pictures of the inside of the body
red blood cells
blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
resectable
surgical removal of a section of an organ is a feasible option
resection
surgical removal of a section of an organ
Seroconversion: appearance of specific antibodies in the blood, indicating recovery from infection or successful vaccination.
Sinusoids: tunnels through hepatic tissue allowing exchange of nutrients and other substances between blood and hepatocytes.
Spider angiomas: red capillary tufts in the skin that blanch on pressure; often found in patients with cirrhosis.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP): bacterial infection of ascitic fluid.
sonographer
technician who specializes in the operation of ultrasound equipment
Steatorrhea [STEE uh toh REE uh]: decreased absorption of dietary fats, resulting in their passage to the distal bowel which causes foul-smelling diarrhea; can be caused by deficiency of bile salts.
systemic
affecting the entire body; as in systemic treatment that treats every cell of the body
testosterone
a male sex hormone
tomography
the use of x-rays to produce images of one specific layer of tissue
Transaminase: see Aminotransferase.
tumor
an abnormal growth of cells in a lump or mass
unresectable
surgical removal of a section of an organ is not a feasible option
Varices [VAYR ih seez]: dilated veins; lower esophageal varices form as collaterals from portal hypertension and can rupture, leading to massive bleeding.
vasculature
relating to the vessels that carry blood throughout the body
vein
tube that carries blood to the heart from all of the other organs in the body
vessel
duct or tube that carries a body fluid; arteries and veins are vessels
viral hepatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus like the Hepatitis B Virus or the Hepatitis C Virus
Wilson's disease: inherited metabolic disorder in which copper accumulates in the liver and in the central nervous system, causing hepatitis, cirrhosis, and neuropsychiatric symptoms
white blood cells
blood cells that fight infection and disease in the body; formed in the bone marrow
x-rays
acute invisible high-frequency electromagnetic waves that can penetrate certain substances like skin
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