Liver Disease Glossary-->admin转移

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             Glossary of Terms for Hepatobiliary Diseases



ALBUMIN - Main circulating protein in bloodstream synthesized by liver. Measured in blood by laboratory to assess function of liver.



ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS - Hepatitis with unique pathologic liver injury varying widely in severity and caused by chronic, heavy alcohol ingestion.



ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE - Enzyme or protein synthesized by the liver in large amounts when there is obstruction of the bile ducts to the normal flow of bile. Measured in blood by laboratory to assess function of liver.



ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase) - Enzyme or protein that leaks from the damaged liver. Measured in blood to assess liver injury.



ANTI-NUCLEAR ANTIBODY TEST - Laboratory test, when positive suggests the presence of some form of autoimmune illness.



ASCITES - Fluid accumulation around the liver and other abdominal organs resulting from portal hypertension.



AST (Aspertate Aminotransferase) - Enzyme or protein that leaks from the damaged liver. Measured in blood to assess liver injury.



AZATHIOPRINE - Drug marketed with trade name Imuran. Used to treat a number of diseases of unknown or autoimmune cause. Also used to treat organ transplant recipients to help prevent graft rejection.



BILE DUCT - Large tube-like structure that delivers bile from the liver to the intestine to help digest food.



BILE DUCTULE - Microscopic bile duct that collects bile from liver cells and delivers it to the large bile duct outside the liver.



BILE - Fluid produced by liver cells and carried by bile ductules into the bile duct and stored in gall bladder between meals.  Contains substances needed to aid in the digestion of food. Provides a method for the body to eliminate toxic substances that are broken down by the liver.



BILIRUBIN - Chemical breakdown product of hemoglobin. Measured in blood specimen by laboratory to assess function of liver.



CERULOPLASMIN - Serum protein measured by laboratory to help in the diagnosis of Wilson's Disease.



CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA - Malignant tumor that arises from bile ducts or ductules.



CHRONIC HEPATITIS - Prolonged inflammation and death of liver cells persisting for six months or more caused by hepatitis viruses, autoimmune factors, and on occasion, unknown conditions.



CIRRHOSIS - Used as a pathologic term to denote extensive scarring in the liver along with irregular nodules of regenerating liver tissue. Used as a clinical liver term to refer to the condition of individuals with liver disease accompanied by ascites, esophageal variceal bleeding, or hepatic encephalopathy.



COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) SCAN - A specialized x-ray procedure utilizing multiple radiographic films of the liver to construct with computer technology, a 2-dimensional picture of the liver.  



CYCLOSPORINE A - Drug marketed with trade names Sandimmune and Neoral. Given to organ transplant recipients to prevent the body from rejecting the graft. Inhibits immune system from rejecting foreign tissue.



DRUG HEPATITIS - Hepatitis caused by a drug. Causative drugs include isoniazid (INH), Alpha Methyldopa, and Dilatin.



ENDOSCOPE - A flexible instrument containing fiberoptic bundles and a light source used by physicians to examine the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.



ESOPHAGEAL VARICES - Dilated vessels in the lower end of the esophagus that result from portal hypertension. Often results in gastrointestinal bleeding, a life threatening complication of cirrhosis.



FERRITIN - Iron-containing serum protein measured by laboratory to help establish a diagnosis of hemochromatosis.



GALLBLADDER - Specialized organ that joins the bile duct and is located just under the liver. Stores bile secreted by the liver between meals and empties this fluid into the intestine to help with digestion at the time of food intake.



GGTP (Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase) - Enzyme or protein synthesized by the liver in large amounts when there is obstruction of the bile ducts to the normal flow of bile. Measured in blood by laboratory to assess function of liver.



HEMANGIOSARCOMA - Malignant tumor that arises from the blood vessels of the liver.



HEMOCHROMATOSIS - A genetic disorder involving increased absorption of iron by the gastrointestinal tract and deposition in the liver resulting ultimately in cirrhosis and liver failure.



HEPATIC ARTERY - Main artery that supplies fully oxygenated blood to the liver. Comes from aorta to underside of the liver.



HEPATIC VEIN - Main outflow vein of liver connecting liver to vena cava and then to heart. Located  on topside of liver.



HEPATITIS A ANTIBODY (Anti HA) - Main laboratory test used to detect hepatitis A. Detects antibody produced by patient's immune system in response to hepatitis A virus.



HEPATITIS A - Hepatitis caused by hepatitis A virus. Most  common in children and adolescents. Usually resolves in a few weeks. Almost  never fatal. Transmitted by contaminated food and water.



HEPATITIS B CORE ANTIBODY (Anti-HBc) - Laboratory test that detects antibody produced by patient's immune system in response to internal components of the hepatitis B virus.



HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIBODY (Anti-HBs) - Laboratory test that detects antibody produced by patient's immune system in response to surface component of the hepatitis B virus.



HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN (HBsAg) - Main laboratory test used to establish a diagnosis of hepatitis B. Detects component of hepatitis B virus circulating in patient's serum.



HEPATITIS B VIRUS DNA (HBV DNA) - Laboratory test that detects internal component of hepatitis B virus.Reflects degree of activity or rate of multiplication of the virus.



HEPATITIS Be ANTIGEN (HBeAg) - Laboratory test that helps to determine degree of activity, or rate of multiplication, of hepatitis B virus.



HEPATITIS B - Hepatitis caused by the hepatitis B virus, transmitted by infected serum. Full recovery in more than 90% of infected individuals in a few days to a few weeks. Five to ten percent of individuals may develop chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or severe liver failure requiring transplantation.



HEPATITIS C ANTIBODY (Anti-HC) - Laboratory test that detects antibodies produced by patient's immune system in response to presence of the hepatitis C virus. Laboratory test methods include enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and radioimmunoblot assay (RIBA).



HEPATITIS C RNA (HC RNA) - Laboratory test that measures the levels of components of the hepatitis C virus in the patient's serum.



HEPATITIS C - Hepatitis caused by the hepatitis C virus. Transmitted by infected serum. Less than half the patients recover with disappearance of the virus. Individuals may develop chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and severe liver failure, usually after many years of infection.  



HEPATITIS D ANTIBODY (Anti-HD) - Laboratory test that detects antibodies in serum produced by patient's immune system in response to the presence of hepatitis D virus.



HEPATITIS D - A unique viral particle that infects individuals only when there is concommitent hepatitis B infection. Increases the likelihood of severe liver damage and cirrhosis.



HEPATITIS E - Hepatitis caused by the hepatitis E virus. Transmitted by infected food and water and more common in tropical and subtropical regions of the world than in the United States. Substantial fatality in pregnant women.



HEPATITIS - Liver disorder characterized by inflammation and random necrosis (death) of liver cells. Caused by viruses, drugs, alcohol, toxins and other injurious agents.



HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (Hepatoma) - Most common malignant tumor of the liver. Arises from the main cells of the liver.



INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE - Comprises inflammatory diseases of the large and small intestine that are chronic in nature and are often associated with the development of sclerosing cholangitis.



INTERFERON - Drug

medline

Great article!

I suggest forum leaders to archieve this article.

ku

thank u bring  us so more helpful articles,especially this article!

i am deeply moved about your hard work for the forum.

thank u very much!

but,i hope these good articles could be translated into chinese and help more friends.

medline

ku, if you have time . pls join and translate and paste some article to the Chinese forum.

If we all participate in this work, then will archive more.

liver411

Quote:

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Posted by medline : ku, if you have time . pls join and translate and paste some article to the Chinese forum. If we all participate in this work, then will archive more.

---

hehe...so does with Mountain, Aiwen...etc. thanks.

liver411

Enter here for Liver Cancer Glossary

yuer

   Liver Glossary

abdomen
largest body cavity that contains the stomach, small intestines, colon, rectum, liver, spleen, pancreas, gall bladder, bladder, kidneys and appendix

abdominal
relating to the abdomen

acetaminophen
pain reliever and aspirin substitute found in over-the-counter drugs like Tylenol

acute
happening suddenly over a short period of time

anemia
decrease in the normal level of red blood cells in the bloodstream

anterior
at or toward the front

Albumin [al BYOO min]: a protein in the serum that transports substances such as drugs and prevents leakage of fluid into the surrounding tissues.

Alkaline phosphatase [AL kuh lin FAHS fah tays]: protein found in bile duct cell membranes; blood levels may be increased in any liver disease, but more markedly with cholestasis.

Alhph 1 - antitrypsin [AL fah -1 an tigh TRIP sin]: plasma protein produced by the liver that inhibits the activity of trypsin and other proteolytic enzymes; inherited deficiency leads to emphysema and sometimes cirrhosis.

alimentary canal
continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus in which food is processed and eliminated

Aminotransferase [ah MEE noh TRANS fir ays]: hepatocyte enzyme that modifies proteins; blood levels increase in the setting of hepatocellular necrosis (hepatocyte death). The two aminotransferases important in liver disease are AST (aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (alanine aminotransferase).

Antibodies: proteins produced in response to a specific antigen, which can then combine with that antigen and neutralize it.

Antigens: a molecule with a specific configuration that is recognized by the immune system; usually part of a protein or sugar. It stimulates the formation of a specific antibody and can elicit an allergic reaction, or otherwise trigger an immune response.

artery
a muscular tube that carries blood away from the heart and to all of the other organs of the body

Ascites [uh SIGH teez]: accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, usually secondary to liver scarring and increased sinusoidal pressure. Intractable ascites is unresponsive to treatment and continually recurs.

asymptomatic
without symptoms

Autoimmunity [AW toh im MEWN it ee]: a state or disease in which the body's immune system attacks the body's own tissues.




benign
not cancerous; does not spread to other parts of the body; the opposite of malignant

Bile: greenish fluid formed by the liver and emptied into the small intestine via the bile ducts; contains bilirubin, bile salts, phospholipids, and cholesterol.

bile duct
tube that carries bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum

Bilirubin [BIL ee roo bin]: a bile pigment cleared from the bolld by the liver; formed as a breakdown product of old red blood cells; marked increase in blood levels can lead to jaundice from deposition of bilirubin in skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eyes.

Board Certified
certification from the American Board of Surgery that the surgeon has the skills necessary to specialize in surgery




Caput medusae [KAP ut muh DOO see]: literally "Medusa's head"; dilated, varicose veins around the umbilicus, which may be seen in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.

capillaries
smallest blood vessels of the circulatory system that connect arteries and veins; also referred to as capillary beds and network of capillaries

carcinogen
any substance that is known to cause cancer

catheter
a flexible tube inserted into the body to transfer fluids

Ceruloplasmin [suh ROO loh PLAZ min]: copper transporter protein; blood levels are usually decreased in Wilson's disease.

circulatory system
network of tissues that transports blood through out the body; consists of blood vessels and the heart

chemotherapy
treatment of cancer with anti-cancer drugs

Cholestasis [hoh luh STAY sis]: blockage or suppression of bile flow, from either intrahepatic or extrahepatic causes.

chronic
an illness lasting a long time or recurring

Cirrhosis [sur ROH sis]: pathologically-defined disease characterized by diffuse, irreversible fibrosis of the liver surrounding regenerative nodules.

Coagulopathy [koh AG yoo LAH puh thee]: increased bleeding tendency due to decreased hepatic synthesis of clotting factors.

colorectal
relating to the colon and the rectum

contrast dye
special dye usually injected into the body to stain certain cells making them easier to image and interpret




Decompensation: failure of the liver to compensate for damage or injury, resulting in a decrease in liver functions.

digestive tract
group of organs in the body that together provide digestive functions; consists of the mouth, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine, the large intestine and the anus

DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid; nucleic acid found in the chromosomes in cells that transmits hereditary information when the cells reproduce

duodenum
first section of the small intestine

Dysplasia [dis PLAY zhuh]: alteration in size, shape, and organization of cells; may be precursor of cancer.




Encephalopathy [en SEF uh LAH puh thee]: alteration in sleep patterns and mental status, ranging from forgetfulness and mild confusion to coma; may be caused by circulating gut-derived brain-toxic proteins not cleared by a dysfunctional liver.



endothelial cells
flattened cells joined together to form a membrane; found in the lining of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, on the surface of the rain and spinal cord and in the eye

estrogen
a female sex hormone




falciform ligament
band of strong fibrous tissue that connects the right lobe and the left lobe of the liver

Fibrosis [figh BROH sis]: the formation of fibrous tissue, or scarring.

Fulminant: running a speedy course, with rapid worsening.




gastrointestinal system
consists of the esophagus, stomach, liver, small and large intestines

general anesthetic
a drug that puts the patient to sleep




Hemochromatosis [HEE moh KROH mah TOH sis]: toxic accumulation of iron in organs leading to dysfunction, including cirrhosis; may be genetic (inherited increase in gut iron absorption) or a result of massive blood transfusions.

hemoglobin
a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

hepatic artery
blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood to the liver from the heart

hepatic portal vein
blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood from the liver back to the heart

Hepatitis [HEP uh TIGH tis]: inflammation and damage to the liver; generally considered acute if duration is less than 6 months, chronic if greater than 6 months.

Hepatocellular necrosis: localized tissue death of hepatic cells.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): a primary liver tumor more common in patients with cirrhosis.

Hepatocytes: liver cells.

Hepatorenal [HEP uh togh REE nahl] syndrome: poorly understood terminal kidney failure in the setting of hepatic disease.

Homeostasis [HOH mee oh STAY sis]: tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment, using a variety of counterbalancing control systems.

Hyperbilirubinemia [HIGH pur BIL ee roo bin EE mee uh]: abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the blood.

Hodgkin's Disease
rare form of cancer that affects the lymphatic system

  

ibuprofen
pain reliever and anti-inflammatory found in over the counter drugs like Advil and Motrin

Icterus: see Jaundice.

Idiopathic [ID ee oh PATH ik]: autoimmune chronic active hepatitis (IACAH): chronic hepatitis of unknown origin; associated with a variety of anti-self antibodies; progresses to cirrhosis and decompensation unless treated with corticosteroids.

implants
a small container of radioactive material placed near cancer cells

inferior vena cava
large vein that returns blood to the heart from all of the organs below the diaphragm

intraarterially
injected into an artery

intravenously
injected into a vein



Jaundice [JAHN dis]: hyperbilirubinemia, with deposition of bile pigment in the skin, mucous membraes, and sclerae (whites of eyes), resulting in a yellow appearance of the patient; also called icterus.

Kayser-Fleischer rings: golden-brown rings in the corneas due to copper deposition in Wilson's disease.

Kupffer cells: "scavenger" cells that remove foreign matter, worn-out blood cells, and bacteria from the liver




lesion
generally, a wound; can refer to an injury, infection or a tumor

ligament
strong fibrous tissue that connects bones, cartilage and muscle

Limiting plate: layer of hepatocytes surrounding each portal triad and separating it from the surrounding sheets of hepatocytes.

local anesthetic
a drug that blocks pain and deadens the area where it is applied

Lobule [LAHB yool]: "structural" unit of the liver; shaped like a hexagon on cross section, with six portal triads at the periphery and a central vein.

lymph nodes
small glands located throughout the lymphatic system that store cells that help fight infection and disease

lymphatic system
the tissues and organs that produce, store and transfer cells that help fight disease and infection; consists of bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and the lymphatic vessels




malaise
vague feeling of discomfort like the onset of an illness

malignant
cancerous; cancer cells that may spread to other parts of the body

metastases
cancer cells that have spread from a primary site to another location in the body

metastatic
adjective used to describe cancer cells that have spread from a primary site somewhere else in the body




non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
cancer of the lymphatic system that is not Hodgkin's

noninvasive
adjective used to describe a procedure that is external and that minimizes side effects; refers to all procedures that do not "break the skin"




oncologist
physician specializing in the treatment of cancer

oral contraceptives
pills used by women to provide birth control




palliative
the process of relieving the symptoms of disease without curing it; the act of making the patient more comfortable

peritoneum
the tissue the lines the inside of the abdominal cavity

platelets
special blood cells that cause blood to clot and stop bleeding

Portal hypertension [POR tahl HIGH per TEN shun]: abnormal increase in portal blood pressure, usually due to obstruction of, or increased resistance to, portal blood flow.

Portal system: includes all the veins that drain the small and large intestines, stomach, and spleen and that converge into the portal vein to drain into the liver.

Portal triad (or tract): consists of three components: branch of the hepatic artery, branch of the portal vein, and a biliary duct, all held tightly together by a limiting plate of hepatocytes at the periphery of the lobule.

Portosystemic [POR toh sis TEM ick] shunting: development of blood vessels that connect the portal and systemic circulation while bypassing the liver.

primary tumor
the first mass of cancer cells to develop in the body

primary care physician
the physician one visits for physical exams and minor illnesses

Prognosis: prediction as to the probable outcome of a disease.

Prothrombin [proh THRAHM bin] time (PT): laboratory test that measures the clotting of blood in seconds; abnormally increased PT signifies bleeding risk due to deficient synthesis of clotting proteins.

Pruritus: itching.




radiation
process of releasing energy as particles or waves from a central source outward

radiation oncologist
physician specializing in the use of radiation therapy to treat cancer

radiation therapy
treatment that uses x-rays to kill cancer cells; also called radiotherapy

radioactivity
release of alpha and beta particles and gamma rays when atoms of one element change to atoms of another element

radiologist
physician specializing in making and interpreting pictures of the inside of the body

red blood cells
blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

resectable
surgical removal of a section of an organ is a feasible option

resection
surgical removal of a section of an organ




Seroconversion: appearance of specific antibodies in the blood, indicating recovery from infection or successful vaccination.

Sinusoids: tunnels through hepatic tissue allowing exchange of nutrients and other substances between blood and hepatocytes.

Spider angiomas: red capillary tufts in the skin that blanch on pressure; often found in patients with cirrhosis.

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP): bacterial infection of ascitic fluid.

sonographer
technician who specializes in the operation of ultrasound equipment

Steatorrhea [STEE uh toh REE uh]: decreased absorption of dietary fats, resulting in their passage to the distal bowel which causes foul-smelling diarrhea; can be caused by deficiency of bile salts.

systemic
affecting the entire body; as in systemic treatment that treats every cell of the body




testosterone
a male sex hormone

tomography
the use of x-rays to produce images of one specific layer of tissue

Transaminase: see Aminotransferase.

tumor
an abnormal growth of cells in a lump or mass


unresectable
surgical removal of a section of an organ is not a feasible option




Varices [VAYR ih seez]: dilated veins; lower esophageal varices form as collaterals from portal hypertension and can rupture, leading to massive bleeding.

vasculature
relating to the vessels that carry blood throughout the body

vein
tube that carries blood to the heart from all of the other organs in the body

vessel
duct or tube that carries a body fluid; arteries and veins are vessels

viral hepatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus like the Hepatitis B Virus or the Hepatitis C Virus




Wilson's disease: inherited metabolic disorder in which copper accumulates in the liver and in the central nervous system, causing hepatitis, cirrhosis, and neuropsychiatric symptoms

white blood cells
blood cells that fight infection and disease in the body; formed in the bone marrow




x-rays
acute invisible high-frequency electromagnetic waves that can penetrate certain substances like skin

medline

理解乙肝，
学会名词是第一步。