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tim889 发表于 2022-12-15 05:34 
我本人不爱国，也不恨国，只是恰好在中国的土地上呆了十几年。作为科学家，科研工作成果属于全人类，是没有 ...
"和干扰素都是美国研发的" - 不对!
1957 年，伦敦国家医学研究所的 Alick Isaacs 和 Jean Lindenmann 首次描述了干扰素；[53][54][55] 这一发现是他们对病毒干扰研究的结果。 病毒干扰是指由于细胞先前暴露于活性或热灭活病毒而引起的病毒生长抑制。 Isaacs 和 Lindenmann 正在研究一个系统，该系统涉及通过热灭活流感病毒抑制活流感病毒在鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜中的生长。 他们的实验表明，这种干扰是由热灭活流感病毒处理膜中细胞释放的一种蛋白质介导的。 他们在 1957 年发表了他们的结果，命名了他们发现的干扰素的抗病毒因子。 [54] Isaacs 和 Lindenmann 的发现已在文献中得到广泛证实和证实。 [56]
此外，在 1957 年 Isaacs 和 Lindenmann 发表之前，其他人可能已经对干扰素进行了观察。 例如，东京大学传染病研究所的两位日本病毒学家 Yasu-ichi Nagano 和 Yasuhiko Kojima 在研究生产更有效的天花疫苗时，注意到兔皮区域的病毒生长受到抑制 或先前接种过紫外线灭活病毒的睾丸。 他们假设某些“病毒抑制因子”存在于感染病毒的组织中，并试图从组织匀浆中分离和表征该因子。 [57] 独立地，John Enders 实验室的 Monto Ho 在 1957 年观察到减毒脊髓灰质炎病毒在人类羊膜细胞培养物中赋予物种特异性抗病毒作用。 他们在 1959 年的一份出版物中描述了这些观察结果，并命名了负责的病毒抑制因子 (VIF)。 [58] 又过了十五到二十年，利用体细胞遗传学，证明干扰素作用基因和干扰素基因位于不同的人类染色体上。 [59][60][61] 人 β 干扰素的纯化直到 1977 年才出现。 Tan 和他的同事通过在成纤维细胞中超诱导干扰素基因，纯化并生产了具有生物活性、放射性标记的人 β 干扰素，他们发现其活性位点含有酪氨酸残基。 [62][63] Tan 的实验室分离出足量的人类 β 干扰素来进行首次氨基酸、糖成分和 N 末端分析。 [64] 他们表明，人β干扰素是一种异常疏水的糖蛋白。 这解释了在纯化过程中当制剂从试管转移到试管或从容器转移到容器时干扰素活性的大量损失。 分析通过化学验证显示了干扰素活性的真实性。 [64][65][66][67] 直到 1978 年才报道了人 α 干扰素的纯化。1978 年至 1981 年间，Sidney Pestka 和 Alan Waldman 实验室的一系列出版物描述了 I 型干扰素 IFN-α 和 IFN-β 的纯化[55] 到 80 年代初期，这些干扰素的基因已被克隆，进一步证明干扰素负责干扰病毒复制。 [68][69] 基因克隆也证实了 IFN-α 是由许多相关基因家族编码的。 [70] II 型干扰素 (IFN-γ) 基因也在此时被分离出来。 [71]
Interferons were first described in 1957 by Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindenmann at the National Institute for Medical Research in London;[53][54][55] the discovery was a result of their studies of viral interference. Viral interference refers to the inhibition of virus growth caused by previous exposure of cells to an active or a heat-inactivated virus. Isaacs and Lindenmann were working with a system that involved the inhibition of the growth of live influenza virus in chicken embryo chorioallantoic membranes by heat-inactivated influenza virus. Their experiments revealed that this interference was mediated by a protein released by cells in the heat-inactivated influenza virus-treated membranes. They published their results in 1957 naming the antiviral factor they had discovered interferon.[54] The findings of Isaacs and Lindenmann have been widely confirmed and corroborated in the literature.[56]
Furthermore, others may have made observations on interferons before the 1957 publication of Isaacs and Lindenmann. For example, during research to produce a more efficient vaccine for smallpox, Yasu-ichi Nagano and Yasuhiko Kojima—two Japanese virologists working at the Institute for Infectious Diseases at the University of Tokyo—noticed inhibition of viral growth in an area of rabbit-skin or testis previously inoculated with UV-inactivated virus. They hypothesised that some "viral inhibitory factor" was present in the tissues infected with virus and attempted to isolate and characterize this factor from tissue homogenates.[57] Independently, Monto Ho, in John Enders's lab, observed in 1957 that attenuated poliovirus conferred a species specific anti-viral effect in human amniotic cell cultures. They described these observations in a 1959 publication, naming the responsible factor viral inhibitory factor (VIF).[58] It took another fifteen to twenty years, using somatic cell genetics, to show that the interferon action gene and interferon gene reside in different human chromosomes.[59][60][61] The purification of human beta interferon did not occur until 1977. Y.H. Tan and his co-workers purified and produced biologically active, radio-labeled human beta interferon by superinducing the interferon gene in fibroblast cells, and they showed its active site contains tyrosine residues.[62][63] Tan's laboratory isolated sufficient amounts of human beta interferon to perform the first amino acid, sugar composition and N-terminal analyses.[64] They showed that human beta interferon was an unusually hydrophobic glycoprotein. This explained the large loss of interferon activity when preparations were transferred from test tube to test tube or from vessel to vessel during purification. The analyses showed the reality of interferon activity by chemical verification.[64][65][66][67] The purification of human alpha interferon was not reported until 1978. A series of publications from the laboratories of Sidney Pestka and Alan Waldman between 1978 and 1981, describe the purification of the type I interferons IFN-α and IFN-β.[55] By the early 1980s, genes for these interferons had been cloned, adding further definitive proof that interferons were responsible for interfering with viral replication.[68][69] Gene cloning also confirmed that IFN-α was encoded by a family of many related genes.[70] The type II IFN (IFN-γ) gene was also isolated around this time.[71] |
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楼主: tim889
发表于 2022-12-15 12:57
