丰度果糖不好，肝脏心脏

StephenW

http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletters/Harvard_Heart_Letter/2011/September/abundance-of-fructose-not-good-for-the-liver-heart
Abundance of fructose not good for the liver, heart Another reason to avoid foods made with a lot of sugar.
The human body handles glucose and fructose — the most abundant sugars in our diet — in different ways. Virtually every cell in the body can break down glucose for energy. About the only ones that can handle fructose are liver cells. What the liver does with fructose, especially when there is too much in the diet, has potentially dangerous consequences for the liver, the arteries, and the heart.
Fructose, also called fruit sugar, was once a minor part of our diet. In the early 1900s, the average American took in about 15 grams of fructose a day (about half an ounce), most of it from eating fruits and vegetables. Today we average four or five times that amount, almost all of it from the refined sugars used to make breakfast cereals, pastries, sodas, fruit drinks, and other sweet foods and beverages.
Refined sugar, called sucrose, is half glucose and half fructose. High-fructose corn syrup is about 55% fructose and 45% glucose.
From fructose to fatThe entry of fructose into the liver kicks off a series of complex chemical transformations. (You can see a diagram of these at health.harvard.edu/172.) One remarkable change is that the liver uses fructose, a carbohydrate, to create fat. This process is called lipogenesis. Give the liver enough fructose, and tiny fat droplets begin to accumulate in liver cells (see figure). This buildup is called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, because it looks just like what happens in the livers of people who drink too much alcohol.
Virtually unknown before 1980, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease now affects up to 30% of adults in the United States and other developed countries, and between 70% and 90% of those who are obese or who have diabetes.
Early on, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is reversible. At some point, though, the liver can become inflamed. This can cause the low-grade damage known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (steato meaning fat and hepatitis meaning liver inflammation). If the inflammation becomes severe, it can lead to cirrhosis — an accumulation of scar tissue and the subsequent degeneration of liver function.

Liver comparison

Beyond the liverThe breakdown of fructose in the liver does more than lead to the buildup of fat. It also:

• elevates triglycerides
  
• increases harmful LDL (so-called bad cholesterol)
  
• promotes the buildup of fat around organs (visceral fat)
  
• increases blood pressure
  
• makes tissues insulin-resistant, a precursor to diabetes
  
• increases the production of free radicals, energetic compounds that can damage DNA and cells.
  
  

None of these changes are good for the arteries and the heart.
Researchers have begun looking at connections between fructose, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease. The early results are in line with changes listed above due to the metabolism of fructose.
An article published in 2010 in The New England Journal of Medicine indicated that people with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are more likely than those without it to have buildups of cholesterol-filled plaque in their arteries. They are also more likely to develop cardiovascular disease or die from it. In fact, people with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are far more likely to die of cardiovascular disease than liver disease.
A report from the Framingham Heart Study has linked nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with metabolic syndrome, a constellation of changes that is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease. Other studies have linked fructose intake with high blood pressure.
Limit added sugarsExperts still have a long way to go to connect the dots between fructose and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Higher intakes of fructose are associated with these conditions, but clinical trials have yet to show that it causes them.
Still, it's worth cutting back on fructose. But don't do it by giving up fruit. Fruit is good for you and is a minor source of fructose for most people. The big sources are refined sugar and high-fructose corn syrup.
The American Heart Association recommends limiting the amount of sugar you get from sugar-sweetened drinks, pastries, desserts, breakfast cereals, and more, mainly to avoid gaining weight. The same strategy could also protect your liver and your arteries.




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StephenW

[谷歌翻译是不是100％正确，仅供参考使用]

丰度果糖不好，肝脏心脏


另一个原因，以避免大量的糖制成的食品。

人体处理以不同的方式 - 在我们的饮食中最丰富的糖 - 葡萄糖和果糖。几乎每一个细胞在体内能分解葡萄糖作为能量。关于唯一的，可以处理果糖肝细胞。肝与果糖，尤其是当有太多在饮食上，对肝脏有潜在危险的后果，动脉和心脏。

也被称为水果糖，果糖，曾经是我们的饮食中的一小部分。在20世纪初，美国人的平均年龄约15克的果糖，每天（约半盎司），其中大部分是从吃水果和蔬菜。今天，我们平均四，五次，金额，几乎全部用来做早餐谷类食品，糕点，碳酸饮料，果汁饮料，和其他甜食和饮料的精制糖。

精制糖，蔗糖，半葡萄糖和半果糖。高果糖玉米糖浆是约55％的果糖，葡萄糖和45％。
果糖脂肪

进入肝脏的果糖，揭开序幕的一系列复杂的化学变化。 （你可以看到这些图在health.harvard.edu/172。）一个显着的变化是肝脏的使用果糖，碳水化合物，脂肪创建。这个过程被称为脂肪合成。给肝脏足够的果糖，微小脂肪滴开始堆积在肝细胞（见图）。这些积聚称为非酒精性脂肪肝疾病，因为它看起来一样的人喝了太多的酒精在肝脏中发生的事情。

几乎在1980年以前未知的，非酒精性脂肪肝疾病现在影响高达30％的成年人在美国和其他发达国家，和那些谁是肥胖或有糖尿病的人的70％和90％之间。

在早期，非酒精性脂肪肝疾病是可逆的。但是，在某些时候，肝脏可以成为发炎。这可能会导致低年级的损害，被称为非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（steato意义的脂肪和肝炎的意义肝脏炎症）。如果炎症变得严重，它可以导致肝硬化 - 疤痕组织的积累和随后的肝功能退化。


肝比较

插图比较正常的肝脏和肝脏脂肪堆积


除了肝脏

果糖在肝脏破裂，导致脂肪堆积多。它还：

    升高甘油三酯

    增加有害的低密度脂蛋白（所谓的坏胆固醇）

    促进周围器官的脂肪堆积（内脏脂肪）

    增加血压

    使组织的胰岛素抵抗，糖尿病的前兆

    增加的自由基，破坏DNA和细胞的充满活力的化合物，可以生产。

这些变化都没有良好的动脉和心脏。

研究人员已经开始寻找果糖，脂肪肝，心血管疾病之间的连接。早期的结果是符合上面列出的变化，由于果糖的代谢。

2010年在新英格兰医学杂志发表的一篇文章指出，非酒精性脂肪肝疾病的人更可能有比没有填充胆固醇斑块在动脉建隆。他们也更容易患上心血管疾病或死于。事实上，与非酒精性脂肪肝疾病的人更有可能死于心血管疾病比肝脏疾病。

来自Framingham心脏研究报告，非酒精性脂肪肝疾病与代谢症候群，强烈与心血管疾病相关的变化的星座。其它研究已发现血压高果糖的摄入量。
限制添加糖

专家仍然有很长的路要走，果糖和非酒精性脂肪肝疾病，肥胖症，糖尿病，心脏疾病之间的连接点。果糖较高的摄入量是相关联的这些条件，但临床试验表明，它会导致他们。

尽管如此，它的价值削减对果糖。但是不要放弃水果它。水果是对你有好处的果糖对大多数人来说是次要来源。大来源是精制糖，高果糖玉米糖浆。

美国心脏协会建议限制你含糖饮料，糕点，甜点，早餐麦片，多的含糖量，主要是为了避免体重增加。同样的策略，也可以保护您的肝脏和动脉。