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发表于 2002-9-23 04:04
20020919 feature
This is () and this is () with the making of a nation,a voa special english program about the history of the United States. Today we continue the story of president John Kennedy.
John Kenndy began his administration in 1961 with great energy to do great things. After just 3 months in office however, he had to take responsibility for big failture. On April 17th, Cuban exiles, trained by America's central intelligence agency, invaded Cuba. Their goal was to overthrow Cuba's communist leader,(). Most exiles were killed or captured. The last administration had planned the big invasion. But Kennedy had approved it. After the incident, some Americans wandered if he had enough experience to lead the nation. Some asked themselves if the 43 years old Kennedy was to young to be president after all.
Kennedy soon regained some public approval when he visited French leader,general (). The French were very inerested in the new American president. They were even more interested in his beatiful wife. The president said with a laugh that he was the man who had come to Paris with ()Kennedy.
In Vienna, Kennedy met with Soviet leader (). Their relations would always be difficult.() did not want to compromise on any issue. He threatened to have the East German block all movement into and out of the wastern part of the city of Berlin. Not long after, the east Germans, with Soviet support, built a wall to seperate the eastern and western parts of the city. President Kennedy quickly announced a large increase in the number of American military forces in Germany. He said that the United States would not permit freedom to end in Berlin.
About a year later, in October, 1962, president Kennedy said that the United States had discovered that the Soviets were putting nuclear missiles in Cuba. He took several actions to protest the deployment. One was to send American ships to the areas. They were to prevent Soviet ships from taking missile parts and related supplies to the Cuban government. In a speech broadcast on televsion, Kennedy spoke about the seriousness of the situation.
It shall be policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile lanuched from Cuba against any nation in the western hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States.
No fighting broke out between the United States and the Soviet Union becasue of the cuban missile crisis. The Soviet ships carrying missile parts to Cuba turned back. And president kenney promised the United States would not invade Cuba if the Soviet Union removed its missile and stopped building new ones there.
The two sides did, however, continue the cold war of words and influence. In Asia, the Soviet Union continued to provide military, economic and technical aid to communist government. The Kennedy administration fought communsim in Vietnam by increasing the number of American military advisers there.
The United States and the Soviet Union did make a big progress on arms control, however. In 1963, the two countries reached a major agreement to ban test of nuclear weapons above ground, under water and in space. The treaty did not ban nuclear tests under the ground.
On national issues, president Kennedy supported efforts to guarantee a better life for African Americans. One man who pushed for changes was his younger brother, Robert. Robert Kennedy was attorney general and head of the Justice department at that time.The justice department took legal action against southern states that violated the voting rights acts of 1957 and 1960. The administration also supported a voter registration campaign among African Americans. The campaign helped them to record their names with election officials so they could vote.
As attorney general, Robert Kennedy repeatedly called on national guard troops to protect black citizens from crowds of angry white citizens. Incidents took place when black tried to register to vote and when they tried to attend white schools.
President Kennedy said the situation was causing a moral crisis in America. He decided it was time to propose a new civil right law. The measure would guarantee equal treatment for blacks in public places and in jobs. It would speed the work of ending racial separation in schools. |
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