以前简单翻译陈述过. 鉴于乙肝/硬化患者落难肾脏发炎/疾病的增加, 重新贴出+翻译供参考.
Hepatitis Virus Found to Attack Kidney
肝炎病毒被发现侵害肾脏
Hepatitis — Itself a Major Health Hazard
肝炎---本身就是个重要健康有害物
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Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver, caused by one of several viruses. The commonest is hepatitis A, which may occasionally lead to acute liver failure. The hepatitis B virus is much more ferocious: it can cause death in the short term, and increase the risk of liver cirrhosis and cancer in the long term. Hepatitis B virus infection and related diseases are thus major health hazards. Of the 200 million chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus, 80 per cent live in Asia, and many of these are infected during childhood. In Hong Kong, a vigorous programme of vaccination at birth is likely to reduce the incidence drastically in the next generation, but the situation is less rosy in the less developed parts of Asia.
肝炎是很多病毒中的一种造成的肝脏发炎. 最常见的是甲肝, 常常会造成急性肝脏衰竭. 乙肝比较恐怖, 它会在短期内造成死亡, 长期造成肝硬化和肝癌机会很大. 乙肝病毒感染和其相关的疾病是最大的健康弊病. 在2亿感染人群中, 大约有80%是在亚洲, 而且很多都是儿童期就感染了. 在香港, 在出生时候强制性的注射乙肝疫苗减少下一代感染乙肝犯病的几率, 但是在其它仍不发达地区情况仍不看好.
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Hepatitis Virus Implicated in Kidney Disease 肝炎病毒造成肾脏疾病 |
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Researchers in CUHK noted a few years ago that, in one type of kidney disease, the basement membrane of the patient's glomeruli becomes thickened, leading to loss of protein and later, to kidney failure. (Glomeruli are bundles of capillary tubes in the kidney, in which waste material is separated from the blood circulation and eventually passed out of the body as urine.) It appears that this kind of membranous structural change is sometimes associated with hepatitis infection, a possibility first reported some 20 years ago. Is this really the case? What is the mechanism linking liver disease to kidney damage? What light would it shed on hepatitis and on kidney diseases? These were the questions that Prof. K.N. Lai, together with his colleagues Dr. Philip K.T. Li and Dr. John S.L. Tam, set out to investigate, with the support of a grant of HK$260,000 awarded by the Research Grants Council in 1991.
在香港中文大学的研究人员在几年前就发现, 在一种肾脏疾病中, 患者的肾小球基膜变粗, 造成蛋白遗失, 其后肾脏衰竭. (肾小球是肾脏毛细管的分界, 那里废旧物质被和血液循环分离并排泄掉-尿液). 目前看来这种膜结构的变化和肝炎感染有关, 而且20年前就有报道过. 是真的这样么? 这其中联系肝脏疾病和肾脏疾病的机制是怎样的? 这是赖教授和其两名同事李医生, Tam医生要挖掘了解的. 他们曾经就这个题目从1991年科研奖金中拿到了260,000港币的研究资金. |
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Hypothesis 设想 |
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The fact that the hepatitis B virus finds its way into the kidney is not strange; after all, the virus exists in the blood, and all blood eventually passes through the kidney, which acts as a filtering station. The mystery is how this tiny virus, small enough to pass through the capillary, can lead to overall tissue inflammation in the kidney.
事实上乙肝病毒钻孔子进入肾脏并不稀奇; 怎么说, 病毒在血液循环中, 所有的血液都要通过肾脏, 人体的过滤站. 奇怪的是如此之小的病毒, 小到可以通过肾脏毛希血管, 是如何造成肾脏组织发炎.
The hypothesis is that the hepatitis B virus provokes the manufacture of antibodies. (The agent that induces antibodies is called an antigen.) The antibodies act by capturing the viruses and forming immune complexes; these relatively large complexes may become deposited in the glomeruli, and eventually alter the tissue structure. For so many immune complexes to be deposited, the virus must first replicate in the kidney or in some other organ. But where exactly does it replicate? Prof. Lai started by investigating the biochemistry and pathology of the diseased kidney, hoping to find clues on the mechanism by which the hepatitis B virus can injure the kidney.
设想是, 乙肝病毒激怒抗体的制造. (激发抗体生成的叫抗原) 抗体的作用是抓到病毒且生成免疫复合物; 这些较大的复合物构造体可能沉淀在嗅小体中, 造成组织结构的改变. 要有这样多的免疫复合物沉积, 病毒需要在肾脏或其它器官中复制. 但是它们究竟在那里复制呢? 赖教授研究了生病肾脏的生化和病理结构, 希望能够找到乙肝病毒能够损害肾脏机制过程的答案.
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Where Exactly Does the Virus Replicate? 病毒到底在那里复制? |
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The most important element in cell division and replication is the DNA, a double-helix structure in the cell nucleus. Genetic information is contained in the two strands forming the double helix, which are complementary to each other, segment for segment. The RNA is usually a single strand, also complementary to the DNA, and is therefore able to transfer the information from the original DNA template. It does so by excising small segments, called messenger RNA, or mRNA, which are small enough to pass through the wall of the cell nucleus and carry the genetic information outside the nucleus. This is how each of us grow from a single cell, and this is basically how a virus replicates itself. A virus contains not much besides the DNA genetic information.
细胞分裂最重要的物质是DNA, 一个在细胞核中的双股结构物质. 基因信息储存在这两条链条上, 它们相辅相成一段对一段. RNA通常是单股, 也是和DNA相辅相成, 可以将信息从原始DNA输送到其它段落. 它们运用信息RNA, 或mRNA, 它们小到可以穿过细胞核将基因信息传递到外面. 我们人类就是从一个单个细胞生长起来, 病毒也是一样的复制. 除去DNA外, 病毒不包含太多基因信息.
Thus, if the hepatitis B virus is really replicated in the kidney, then one should be able to find in the kidneys of these patients traces of the DNA, RNA and mRNA associated with the hepatitis
所以, 如果乙肝病毒确实在肾脏中复制, 我们应该可以患者肾脏中有和乙肝有关的DNA, RNA, mRNA的踪迹.
Using PCR techniques to detect mRNA of the hepatitis virus in kidney biopsies from patients. Lane 2 is a positive control of the relevant RNA; it is clear that the same RNA is detected in biopsies located in lanes 5, 6, 7, and 8.
利用PCR技术检查肝炎患者肾脏穿刺结果是否含有mRNA, 我们可以看到, 在第二行阳性对照有相同的RNA呈现说明肾穿刺找到病毒(第5,6,7,8行)
B virus. The discovery of DNA alone would not be decisive, since they could be manufactured elsewhere and brought to the kidney. But RNA or mRNA will stay put after they have performed their duty to transfer DNA information. So the site where they are found will definitely be the site where the virus is replicated. So the investigators set out to look for RNA and mRNA.
DNA的发现并不能确实求证病毒就在肾脏中复制, 因为它们可能从其它地方带来. 但是RNA, mRNA的发现证实了这点, 因为RNA, mRNA做完自己运载DNA信息工作后会原地停留不动. 所在那里发现它们说明那个地方就有病毒复制. 所以研究也是以寻找RNA, mRNA为最终目的.
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Preliminary Results 初级结果 |
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After careful research and study, Prof. Lai's team has been able to demonstrate the presence of immune complexes related to hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in the diseased glomeruli. DNA of the hepatitis B virus has also been found in the nearby renal tubules, where urine is concentrated.
在仔细研究后, 赖教授和他的小组发现了乙肝e抗原相关的免疫复合物在嗅小体, 乙肝病毒DNA在附近尿液浓缩的肾小管内也发现.
However, the amount of RNA found is extremely small and cannot be detected directly. Normally, RNA breeds DNA. Through a technique called reverse transcription, researchers can synthesize small copies of DNA out of the small quantity of RNA found. And through polymerase chain reaction triggered by suitable enzymes, this small quantity of DNA can multiply about 10,000 fold to produce a copious amount, from which the presence or absence of RNA can be detected chemically. Through such a mechanism researchers successfully proved the presence of RNA and mRNA of the hepatitis B virus in the kidney.
不过, 发现的RNA是非常少量的, 不能被直接发现. 通常, RNA生成DNA. 利用一个叫反录制, 研究人员可以从DNA中分离出少量的RNA. 之后通过适合的酶激发的聚合链反应, 这个很小的RNA可以增大到10.000倍个FOLD拷贝单位, 这样RNA有没有存在可以检验到. 用这个技术和机制, 研究人员可以发现肾脏中的RNA, mRNA.
The finding suggests that the virus replicates in the tubules of the kidney. The HBeAg that is then shed into the blood circulation induces antibody formation. The chemical complex formed by the HBeAg, its antibody, and the virus circulate in the blood and are finally trapped by the glomeruli. The trapping of the complexes leads to the thickening of basement membranes and local inflammation.
检验的结果发现病毒在肾小管内复制. 之后HBeAg随血液循环激发人体合成抗体. HBeAg合成的化学物质是抗体, 病毒和抗体在血液循环中被嗅小体阻碍滞留到. 被滞留的免疫复合物使得管壁增厚, 局部发炎.
Equipped with the new knowledge they have just discovered, Prof. Lai and his colleagues have now set out to study the role of hepatitis B virus in hepatitis B carrier patients with immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy.
在现代分子技术帮助下, 赖教授和他的同事正在研究乙肝病毒在乙肝患者中造成I免疫型肾炎(IgA 肾炎). 希望寄托于未来和科学.
谢谢阅读.
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liver411简单翻译. 香港中文大学肝脏研究所 肝脏学杂志.
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-1-18 10:14:35编辑过]
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发表于 2006-1-19 00:12
