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发表于 2003-7-20 18:05
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● 許多人寫英語文章時,對大寫字母的使用 (capitalization) ,感到有點「迷惑」。雖然咱們在文法裡也學過英文大寫字母的用法,但如能把重要的規則,複習一下,也許可加深記憶!
(1) 每個句子的第一個字 (first word of a sentence) 以及寫信的地址,信中的開頭稱呼和結尾,都要大寫。例如:
How is everything with you today? (你今天一切都好嗎?)
25 Park Street, Silver Spring, Maryland.
寫信開頭稱呼:Dear Mr. Wang, Hello, Bob, Greetings, Mary,
信中結尾:Sincerely yours, Yours truly, Best wishes, With love, Respectfully yours, 等等。
(2) 表示特定的人、地或物的專有名詞 (names of a specific person, place or thing) 或是屬於專有名詞的一部分,都要大寫。例如:
Mr. Wang Dachung was born in China. (王大中先生在中國出生。)
Bob Smith sailed on the Queen Elizabeth for a trip to France. (Bob Smith 乘伊莉沙白郵輪到法國旅遊。)
其他如:
Yale School of Law (耶魯法學院)
Declaration of Independence (獨立宣言)
The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (美國防止虐待動物協會) 等等。
註:專有名詞中的冠詞、介詞、連接詞都不必大寫,除非是名字的開頭與結尾。 (如上句裡的 for, the, of, to) 但是指普通名詞時,則不必大寫。例如:
The two men sailed on a ship for a trip to some foreign countries. (兩位男子乘船到外國旅行。) (即句中的 men,ship,countries 都是普通名詞)
(3) 一星期七天,十二個月份,以及假日 (seven days of the week, 12 months and holidays) 都要大寫。例如:
The Chens came to see me on Father's Day. (父親節陳家來看我。)
He works on Saturdays and Sundays. (星期六和星期天他都要上班。)
His store closed during January and February. (元月和2月,他的商店不開。)
但是春夏秋冬四季,則不要大寫:例如:
Mr. A will stay in Florida next winter. (下個冬天 A 先生將住在佛州。)
The fall semester starts in September. (秋季班 9 月開始。)
In Maryland July and August are summer months. (在馬里蘭州7月和8月是夏天。)
註:地球 (earth) 、太陽 (sun) 、月亮 (moon) 也不要大寫。
(4) 學校的特指課程名稱以及各國的語文,都要大寫。例如:
Her daughter will take Math Ⅱ and Algebra Ⅲ this semester. (她女兒本學期選修數學Ⅱ和代數Ⅲ。)
All new students have to take History 101. (所有新生都要選修歷史 101。)
Did you study English literature and American history? (你讀過英國文學和美國歷史嗎?)
Many American students now take Chinese in the big universities. (在大的大學裡,許多美國學生選修中文。)
但是指一般性的課程或一般知識,則不必大寫。例如:
Many Chinese students are good at mathematics. (許多中國學生數學很棒。)
High school students are encouraged to take music and history. (鼓勵高中生選修音樂和歷史。)
(5) 地理上特有的名稱 (geographical names) ,諸如國家、州、省、城市、山脈、湖、河流、公園等都要大寫。例如:
Have your parents ever been to Africa? (你的父母去過非洲嗎?)
His dream trip would be a cruise across the Atlantic Ocean. (他的理想旅遊是坐郵輪橫渡大西洋。)
We have lived in Maryland for over 25 years. (我們住在馬里蘭州已超過25年。)
The company is located in the middle of Fifth Avenue. (公司坐落於第五大道的中間。)
其餘如:Asia, China, Lake Michigan (密西根湖) ,Black Sea (黑海) ,Rocky Mountains (洛磯山脈) ,Yellowstone National Park (黃石國家公園) 等等的特別名稱,還有東、南、西、北地區和位置 (region and location) 也要大寫。例如:
Living in the East I have never seen high mountains. (我住在東部,沒有見過高山。)
The North of China is experiencing a serious drought. (中國北部旱災嚴重。)
但是 east, west, north, south 只指方向 (direction) 時,則不必大寫。例如:
Drive south for one mile and you will see the building. (往南開一哩路,就可以看到樓房。)
Please turn north at the next corner. (請在下一角落,往北轉。)
(6) 社會上的職位或專業上的頭銜 (social and professional titles) 包括學位和得獎名稱 (award) ,都要大寫。例如:
Professor Lee,Ph.D.,is from Taiwan. (李教授博士,來自台灣。)
Dr. Anderson, M.D., is well-liked by his patients. (醫學博士安德生醫師,深受病患喜愛。)
President Bush, MBA from Harvard, was a business man. (哈佛大學企管碩士的布希總統,過去是位商人。)
His Reverend Smith and Father Jackson were both present at the meeting. (Smith 牧師和 Jackson 神父都參加開會。)
其他頭銜如:Sir, Mister, Miss, Madame (夫人) ,Congressman (國會議員) ,Senator (參議員) ,Governor (州長) ,Mayor (市長) ,Secretory of State (國務卿) ,Attorney (律師) ,Judge (法官) ,Bishop (主教) ,Sister (修女) ,Sergeant (士官) ,Corporal (下士) ,Lieutenant (中尉) 等等。
注意:如果不跟個人名字一同使用,或不是特指某人的頭銜時,則不必大寫。例如:
He is a professor at a university. (他是大學教授。)
The mayor of a large city has a tough job. (大城市的市長難為。)
The presidents of many companies attended the conference. (許多公司的董事長都來參加會議。)
(上面的 professor, mayor, presidents,都是指一般性的。)
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