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Entecavir vs. tenofovir on the risk of HCC in a US cohort with chronic hepatitis B virus
Slightly Lower HCC Risk With TDF Than ETV in Vets With HBV
AASLD, The Liver Meeting, November 12-15, 2021
Mark Mascolini
Treating HBV infection with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) slightly but significantly lowered risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared with entecavir (ETV) therapy in a large study of US veterans [1]. The authors say “whether the small difference in HCC risk between TDF and ETV justifies a practice change is not clear” and depends on findings in further studies and other factors.
Because no head-to-head trial compared HCC risk with TDF versus ETV in people with chronic HBV infection, policymakers and clinicians have relied on results of retrospective cohort studies that usually take place in Asia. And findings in these studies have been mixed. The biggest US study, involving people in the US Veterans Affairs (VA) database through 2017, found no difference between ETV and TDF in HCC risk [2]. But researchers who conducted the new VA study believe the earlier effort suffers from possible HCC misclassification and incomplete measurement of ETV and TDF exposure.
The new retrospective cohort study used data from the US national Veterans Health Administration Corporate Data Warehouse. They included people 18 to 90 years old who had a positive HBV surface antigen test (HBsAg) in the years 1999-2018 and filled at least 1 prescription for TDF or ETV in 2008-2018. They excluded people with HIV, those who had HCC before they started ETV or TDF, and those who started ETV or TDF before September 1, 2008.
The researchers tabulated HCC diagnoses through July 31, 2019 by consulting the Central Cancer Registry or checking ICD codes verified by chart review. They logged ETV or TDF exposure by two time-updating methods: current use and cumulative duration based on daily prescription fills. Cox proportional hazards models assessed HCV risk in people taking TDF versus ETV from the date they started treatment to HCC diagnosis, death, or the end of the study.
Among 3735 people with chronic HBV infection, 47.4% got treated initially with TDF and 52.6% with ETV. The whole study group averaged 55.9 years in age, 95.3% were men, 43.2% white, and 36.4% black. There was a trend toward a higher prevalence of alcohol abuse in the ETV group than in the TDF group (29.6% vs 27.0%, P = 0.0797). A higher proportion of people starting ETV than TDF was positive for hepatitis B virus E antigen, indicating active HBV replication (44.6% vs 43.1%, P < 0.0001), and a higher proportion in the ETV group had an HBV DNA level above 2000 IU/mL (51.4% vs 45.0%, P < 0.0001).
Through an average 4.1 years of follow-up, HCC developed in 84 people taking ETV and 102 taking TDF. Those numbers yielded incidence rates of 12.5 per 1000 person-years for ETV and 11.6 per 1000 for TDF.
In the Cox model adjusted for age, race, sex, alcohol use, HCV coinfection, and several other pertinent variables, HCC risk did not differ by current use of TDF or ETV. But in the analysis of cumulative treatment duration, longer TDF use lowered HCC risk about 10% compared with ETV use (adjusted hazard ratio 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.79 to 0.99). This small apparent advantage with TDF held steady through an array of statistical fine tunings of time-updated treatment duration. When the analysis excluded HCC diagnosis up to 1 year after TDF or ETV began, the result still favored TDF by virtually the same margin (adjusted hazard ratio 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.79 to 0.99).
The researchers suggested that deciding whether these findings justify a change in practice depends on confirming the result in other studies (analyses including more women would be helpful) and weighing other pluses and minuses like cost, side effects, and chances of viral resistance.
References
1. Kramer JR, Richardson PA, Kim H, Hsu YC, Kanwai F, El-Serag HB. Entecavir vs. tenofovir on the risk of HCC in a US cohort with chronic hepatitis B virus. The Liver Meeting, November 12-15, 2021. Parallel session 8: HBV Cascade of Care, Natural History and Diagnostics.
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