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Hepatitis B vaccine and NK cells: a new player in memory
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8410-8833Maike Hofmann1,2, http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1417-4135Robert Thimme1,2
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Department of Internal Medicine II, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Correspondence to Dr Maike Hofmann, Internal Medicine II, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg 79106, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; [email protected]
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321151
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Hepatitis B is a major global health burden caused by the HBV. Infection with HBV induces a necro-inflammatory liver disease and can either be self-limiting or persisting. Persisting or more precisely chronic HBV infection can progress to liver cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease and even liver cancer and thus results in an increased risk of dying prematurely. An effective and safe vaccine is available that confers over 95% protection by eliciting an immune response against the surface antigen of HBV (HBsAg). Indeed, a protective adaptive memory response mediated by memory T cells, memory B cells and anti-HBsAg antibodies is detectable on Hepatitis B vaccination.1
Generally, current vaccination strategies target the adaptive arm of the immune system exploiting its capacity to establish a long-lasting protective immunological memory. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that not only the adaptive immune cells, the B and T cells, adapt their function on pathogen encounter to mediate protection on reinfection but also the innate immune system is able to establish a memory state that is called ‘trained immunity’ or ‘innate memory’.2 For example, natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytotoxic lymphocytes that are important in the early immune response towards viral infections and can mediate trained rather unspecific immunity or even specific innate immune memory responses on re-challenge.3 However, only very little is known about the role of trained or innate memory immunity in vaccination, more specifically about memory NK cells.4
In Gut, Wijaya et al 5 now report the emergence of a memory NK-cell response after hepatitis B vaccination. The authors compared NK-cell responses of 20 healthy individuals without a previous HBV infection, including 12 vaccinated and 8 non-vaccinated individuals. Functional, phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses of the respective NK-cell response were performed by applying flow cytometry, ELISA and single-cell RNA sequencing technologies. In addition, NK-cell responses of 10 chronically HBV-infected patients with low viral loads were assessed. |
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发表于 2021-1-8 11:36
