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Independent and joint associations between serum calcium, 25-hydroxy vitamin D and the risk of primary liver cancer: a prospective nested case-control study Jian Yin
1, Liang-Yu Yin
2, Neal D Freedman
3, Ting-Yuan Li
1, Sanford M Dawsey
3, Jian-Feng Cui
1, Philip R Taylor
3, Bin Liu
1, Jin-Hu Fan
1, Wen Chen
4, Christian C Abnet
3, You-Lin Qiao
1
Affiliations
Affiliations - 1 Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College.
- 2 Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University.
- 3 Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute.
- 4 Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College [email protected].
Abstract Background: Accumulating evidence has shown that serum calcium and vitamin D may be associated with or influence various cancer risks. However, no prospective studies have evaluated the independent and joint associations between pre-diagnostic levels of serum calcium and vitamin D and future risk of incident primary liver cancer.
Methods: We used a nested case-control design to evaluate subjects over 22-years of follow-up. Serum calcium, 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) and three markers of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus were measured in baseline serum from 226 incident primary liver cancer cases and 1061 matched controls. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using logistic regression to estimate the associations between calcium, 25(OH)D and primary liver cancer risk.
Results: Multivariable adjusted models showed that subjects with low (ORLow/Medium=1.48, 95%CI=1.01-2.17) or high calcium (ORHigh/Medium=1.92, 95%CI=1.34-2.76) both had increased primary liver cancer risks, while those with high 25(OH)D had a decreased risk of primary liver cancer (ORHigh/Medium=0.54, 95%CI=0.35-0.82). In joint analyses, when compared with subjects with medium calcium and 25(OH)D, subjects with high calcium and medium 25(OH)D had elevated odds of developing primary liver cancer (OR=1.89, 95% CI=1.17-3.05); those with medium calcium and high 25(OH)D had reduced odds of developing primary liver cancer (OR=0.34, 95% CI=0.17-0.67); and subjects in other classifications of calcium and serum 25(OH)D levels had no change in the odds of developing primary liver cancer (all P>0.05).
Conclusions: In a nutrient deficient population, we found that serum calcium and serum 25(OH)D could potentially be modifiable risk or protective factors.
Impact: Our findings provide potential targets for primary liver cancer prevention and control.
Copyright ©2020, American Association for Cancer Research. |
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