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本帖最后由 StephenW 于 2019-4-4 10:37 编辑
回复 齐欢畅 的帖子
"为什么表抗降低了,还是无法激活免疫" - 这是非常正确的观察.
"在免疫耐受期,那些特异性免疫细胞都已被杀死或休眠" - "休眠"通常被称为疲惫(exhausted), 可能是过量表达PD-1受体, 和/或Treg调节细胞.
一些科学家认为需要低或零血液hbvdna和HBsAg的“窗口”期,以便进行功能性治疗的疫苗治疗.温玉梅教授将此概述为“三明治”方法:
由于只有少数CHB患者长期抗病毒
治疗可使血清显着降低
乙肝表面抗原。其中,只有一部分人与
进一步治疗可以达到功能治愈。而
人中和抗HBs /抗Pre S1抗体可能
有助于减少血清HBsAg的负荷,我们在这里
提出“三明治”方法以加快减少
血清HBsAg在CHB患者中的诱导作用
强效特异性免疫反应,以防止自发性
停止治疗后复发。这个
方法包括以下协议:(1)使用
抗病毒药物可抑制病毒复制并减少
血清病毒载量,贯穿整个治疗过程
作为第一层三明治; (2)雇用强效
中和单克隆抗HBs抗体减少
血清HBsAg水平,模仿HBsAg降低
经过长期抗病毒治疗作为第二层
三明治; (3)患者无血清时
HBV DNA和HBsAg,具有短暂的“窗口阶段”
与正常成人相似,强效特异性主动免疫
应该用于诱导有效的宿主免疫
作为最后一层的回复。最多的图表
乐观的预期这种策略的疗效是
如图1所示。
这种方法的独特之处在于两种组合,
一个是抗病毒药物与抗病毒药物的结合
免疫疗法,另一种是被动的组合
和主动免疫。中和抗HBs人类
抗体,可以通过Fab片段中和HBV,
而Fc片段可以进一步增强宿主免疫
通过多种机制响应,如ADCC等.11,
12.抗HBs和抗前S1单克隆抗体的混合物
抗体可能共同阻止HBV进入感染
新的肝细胞,恢复受损的宿主免疫
高水平HBsAg10的反应。至今,
虽然通过治疗性疫苗接种进行主动免疫
CHB患者疗效有限,恢复正常
CD4 +和CD8 +细胞功能,Treg细胞减少,
和有效的HBeAg血清转换,以及一个对数
临床上观察到血清HBsAg降低
HBsAg-HBIG免疫复合物治疗试验
疫苗13,14。此外,B细胞水平非常低
在CHB患者中观察到抗HBsAg 15。
这些细胞,可能是由于持久性而失活的
HBsAg可以通过强效恢复其活跃功能
主动免疫,有助于预防自发性.
As only few CHB patients under long-term antiviral
treatment can reach a significant decrease in serum
HBsAg. Of these, only a part of the individuals with
further treatment may reach functional cure. While
human neutralizing anti-HBs/anti-Pre S1 antibodies may
help to decrease the load of serum HBsAg, we herein
propose a “sandwich” approach to expedite the decrease
of serum HBsAg in the CHB patients, and to induce
potent-specific immune responses to prevent spontaneous
relapse after the cessation of treatment. This
approach consists of the following protocols: (1) use
antiviral drugs to inhibit viral replication and decrease
serum viral load, throughout the whole therapeutic process
as the first layer of sandwich; (2) employ potent
neutralizing monoclonal anti-HBs antibodies to decrease
serum HBsAg levels, mimicking the decrease of HBsAg
after long-term antiviral therapy as the second layer of
sandwich; and, (3) when patients were free from serum
HBV DNA and HBsAg, with a transient “window stage”
similar to normal adults, potent-specific active immunization
should be applied to induce effective host immune
responses serving as the last layer. A diagram of the most
optimistic expected therapeutic efficacy of this strategy is
shown in Figure 1.
The uniqueness of this approach is by two combinations,
one is the combination between antiviral drugs and
immunotherapy, the other is by combination of passive
and active immunization. Neutralizing anti-HBs human
antibodies, can neutralize HBV via the Fab fragment,
while the Fc fragment can further enhance host immune
response via multiple mechanisms, such as ADCC, etc.11,
12. A cocktail of anti-HBs and anti-pre-S1-monoclonal
antibodies may jointly block the entry of HBV to infect
new hepatocytes, and restore damaged host immune
responses exerted by high levels of HBsAg10. So far,
though active immunization by therapeutic vaccination in
CHB patients showed limited efficacy, restoration of
CD4+ and CD8+ cell functions, decrease of Treg cells,
and effective HBeAg sero-conversion, as well as one-log
decrease of serum HBsAg have been observed in clinical
trials of HBsAg-HBIG immune complex therapeutic
vaccine13, 14. Furthermore, very low levels of B cells
against HBsAg have been observed in the CHB patients15.
These cells, probably inactivated by the persistence of
HBsAg, may restore their active functions via potent
active immunization, and help to prevent spontaneous
relapse after cessation of treatment.
实现“窗口期”:
1. 使用抗病毒药(ETV, TAF/TDF)
2. 使用NAP 或 RNAi + HBIG + 单克隆HBsAb
激活免疫(B & T cells):
使用hbv疫苗接种 - 需要引发(priming),辅助(adjuvant),多病毒抗原(multi-viral antigen)促进(boost)疫苗.
请注意,没有必要使用干扰素. 剂量(doses),持续时间(duration),时间表需(schedule)要通过临床试验进行调查和证实.
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