肝硬化：预期寿命和阶段

StephenW

Cirrhosis of the liver: Life expectancy and stages
By: Bel Marra Health | Liver | Friday, February 09, 2018 - 06:00 AM

cirrhosis of the liver life expectancyThis article will lay out the stages of liver cirrhosis, as well as cirrhosis of the liver life expectancy. But first, what is liver cirrhosis? Cirrhosis of the liver is a specific condition that occurs when healthy liver cells are slowly replaced by scar tissue. As a progressive disease, cirrhosis of the liver can take many years to develop. Liver cirrhosis is common in alcoholics and patients suffering from hepatitis B.
What are the stages of cirrhosis of the liver?

There are four different stages of cirrhosis of the liver, as follows.
Stage 1

The first stage is extremely mild. In this stage, it is often difficult to detect any damage to the liver despite the presence of severe liver damage. In stage 1 liver cirrhosis, patients often suffer from fatigue and extreme lack of energy. The liver presents as inflamed, and because of the inflammation, it will work to heal itself, causing more swelling.

In this stage, not enough scar tissue has been developed to show the clinical sign of liver cirrhosis. At this point in its progression, cirrhosis of the liver is still reversible and normal liver function can be recovered.
Stage 2

The second stage of liver cirrhosis shows an increase in blood pressure within the system of veins present in the liver. This is called portal hypertension. Once a patient has reached stage 2 liver cirrhosis, a significant level of portal hypertension has been realized in the liver.

The liver begins to cause oesophageal varices, which are veins around the stomach or esophagus that become dilated or ballooned. The ballooned veins restrict blood flow to the liver, resulting in portal hypertension, which in turn creates an increase in the amount of scar tissue that is replacing the healthy liver cells. The result is severe swelling of the liver and liver collagen production in an attempt to reduce the inflammation. There is still the possibility of partial reversal of the liver cirrhosis in this stage.
Stage 3

This stage of liver cirrhosis brings with it the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, referred to medically as ascites. The level of fluid accumulation can be detected and determined by ultrasound imaging processes. The volume of fluid present gives medical professionals an indication as to the level of liver damage the patient is suffering from.

External symptoms, which are good indicators that your liver is not working correctly, are also prominent at this stage. These include eczema, widespread itchiness, weight loss, loss of appetite, confusion, fatigue, foot, ankle, or lower leg swelling, shortness of breath, fatigue, yellow or pale skin, and changes in blood sugar levels. In this stage, the cirrhosis becomes irreversible and the patient may be recommended for a liver transplant.
Stage 4

The final stage of liver cirrhosis, stage four, results from immense levels of scar tissue present in the liver. By this time, the oesophageal varices have dilated so much that they will rupture and cause internal gastrointestinal bleeding. If left untreated, this type of bleeding becomes immediately life-threatening. This is the defining symptom of this stage of liver cirrhosis.

Stage 4 liver cirrhosis presents the same symptoms as stage 3, with the addition of intensified confusion, hand tremors, high fever, changes in personality, infection in the abdominal cavity, extreme sleepiness, and kidney failure that results in infrequent urination. The need for a liver transplant becomes urgent by the time a patient reaches this final stage of liver cirrhosis. There is no cure for this stage of the disease.
Liver cirrhosis life expectancy

Certain studies have shown that the vast majority of patients with stages 1 to 3 of the disease are still alive one year after their diagnosis. Patients in stages 1 and 2 show only a one percent and two percent risk of death a year after diagnosis, respectively. By the time a patient has reached stage 3, this risk has increased to 20 percent.

If the patient reaches the final stage of liver cirrhosis undiagnosed, there is a resulting increase in the risk of death within 12 months. Only 43 percent of patients survive the one-year mark post-diagnosis with stage 4 liver cirrhosis. In general, a patient in the final two stages of the diseases faces a shorter lifespan prognosis. Exact predictions of time remaining are difficult for medical professionals to make, as each case of liver cirrhosis is unique to the individual patient.

In the final two stages of liver cirrhosis, a transplant can have a significant impact on the life expectancy of the patient. After the transplant, life expectancy prognosis increases greatly, though there is still the risk that the patient’s body will reject the new liver, ultimately resulting in death.

If the transplant is successful and the new liver is accepted by the host, statistics show that 80 percent of patients live beyond five years post-transplant. The harsh reality is that the availability of liver transplants is low and even after a transplant, a patient will have to maintain a strict lifestyle and treatment regimen. Reaching stage three or four liver cirrhosis is not accompanied by an optimistic prognosis for life expectancy.

Cirrhosis of the liver is an extremely serious, progressive degenerative disease. The disease is diagnosed in four distinct stages. The first two stages are the least severe, with few external or internal symptoms. Both of the first two stages of the disease offer the potential for some or full reversal of liver damage. Life expectancy is still very good in these two stages of the disease and liver transplant is not required for treatment.

When a patient moves into the third stage of the disease, they are faced with many severe symptoms and will need a liver transplant in addition to other treatments for symptom management. The final stage of the disease shows the most severe symptoms, including internal bleeding, which is itself fatal. A transplant is vital at this stage, but many patients face the reality of being unfit for transplant due to the severity of their other symptoms. Life expectancy is greatly decreased in this stage of liver cirrhosis.

StephenW

肝硬化：预期寿命和阶段
由：贝尔马拉健康|肝脏| 2018年2月9日星期五 - 06:00 AM

肝硬化期望寿命本文将阐述肝硬化的阶段，以及肝硬化的预期寿命。但首先，什么是肝硬化？肝硬化是当健康的肝细胞被疤痕组织慢慢取代时发生的一种特殊情况。作为一种进行性疾病，肝硬化可能需要很多年才能发展。肝硬化在酗酒者和患有乙型肝炎的患者中很常见。
什么是肝硬化的阶段？

肝硬化有四个不同阶段，如下所示。
阶段1

第一阶段非常温和。在这个阶段，尽管存在严重的肝损伤，但通常很难检测到对肝脏的任何损伤。在1期肝硬化患者中，患者经常会感到疲劳和极度缺乏能量。肝脏表现为发炎，并且由于炎症，它会自行愈合，导致更多的肿胀。

在这个阶段，没有发展足够的瘢痕组织来显示肝硬化的临床症状。在这个阶段，肝硬化仍然是可逆的，肝功能恢复正常。
第二阶段

肝硬化的第二阶段显示出肝脏中静脉系统内的血压升高。这被称为门静脉高压症。一旦患者已经达到2期肝硬化，肝中已经实现了显着水平的门静脉高压。

肝脏开始引起食管静脉曲张，这是胃或食管周围的静脉变得膨胀或膨胀。气球静脉限制血液流向肝脏，导致门静脉高压，这反过来又增加了替代健康肝细胞的疤痕组织的量。其结果是肝脏严重肿胀和肝脏胶原产生，试图减轻炎症。在这个阶段仍然有可能部分逆转肝硬化。
第三阶段

肝硬化的这个阶段带来了腹腔积液，医学上称之为腹水。流体积聚的水平可以通过超声成像过程来检测和确定。存在的流体体积为医疗专业人员提供了关于患者所遭受的肝损伤水平的指示。

外部症状是肝脏不能正常工作的良好指标，在这个阶段也很突出。这些疾病包括湿疹，广泛瘙痒，体重减轻，食欲不振，精神错乱，疲劳，脚，踝关节或小腿肿胀，气短，疲劳，黄色或苍白的皮肤，以及血糖水平的变化。在这个阶段，肝硬化变得不可逆转，患者可能被推荐进行肝移植。
第4阶段

肝硬化的最后阶段，第四阶段是由于肝脏中存在巨大水平的疤痕组织。此时，食管静脉曲张已经扩张得很厉害，会破裂，引起胃肠道内出血。如果不及时治疗，这种类型的出血会立即危及生命。这是这个肝硬化阶段的决定性症状。

4期肝硬化呈现与3期相同的症状，增加了混乱，手震，高热，性格改变，腹腔感染，极度嗜睡和肾功能衰竭，导致排尿不频繁。当患者达到肝硬化的最后阶段时，对肝脏移植的需求就变得迫切。这种疾病的阶段无法治愈。
肝硬化的预期寿命

某些研究表明，绝大多数1到3级疾病的患者在诊断后一年仍然存活。分期1和2的患者分别在诊断后一年仅显示1％和2％的死亡风险。当患者达到第3阶段时，这种风险已增加到20％。

如果患者未达到肝硬化的最终阶段，则会导致12个月内死亡风险增加。只有43％的患者在诊断为4年肝硬化后1年内存活。一般来说，处于疾病最后两个阶段的患者面临更短的预后寿命。精确预测剩余时间对于医疗专业人员来说是困难的，因为每个肝硬化病例对于个体患者都是独特的。

在肝硬化的最后两个阶段，移植可以对患者的预期寿命产生重大影响。移植后，预期寿命预后大大增加，但仍然存在患者体内排斥新肝的风险，最终导致死亡。

如果移植成功，并且新的肝脏被宿主接受，则统计显示80％的患者在移植后5年以上存活。严酷的现实是，肝移植的可用性很低，即使移植后，患者也必须保持严格的生活方式和治疗方案。达到3或4级肝硬化的阶段没有伴随着预期寿命的乐观预后。

肝硬化是一种极其严重的进行性退行性疾病。该病在四个不同的阶段被诊断。前两个阶段是最不严重的，几乎没有外部或内部症状。疾病的前两个阶段都提供了一些或完全逆转肝损伤的可能性。在疾病的这两个阶段，预期寿命仍然非常好，不需要肝移植治疗。

当患者进入疾病的第三阶段时，他们面临许多严重的症状，除了其他治疗症状的治疗外，还需要肝移植。疾病的最后阶段表现出最严重的症状，包括内部出血，这本身就是致命的。移植在这个阶段至关重要，但许多患者由于其他症状的严重性而面临不适合移植的现实。在肝硬化的这个阶段，预期寿命大大减少。