普通共生癌病毒

StephenW

Common Commensal Cancer Viruses

    Patrick S. Moore,
    Yuan Chang

PLOS

    Published: January 19, 2017
    Http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006078

The human microbiome-more properly called the bacteriome-has moved from the backwaters of microbiology to the forefront of clinical science and opened new approaches to diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cancer, and malnutrition. Human virome analyses, however, are at a nascent stage And disadvantaged by the necessity for detecting viruses (without highly conserved consensus sequences such as the ribosomal RNA genes) in the background of the abundant human genome. Overcoming this hurdle generally requires additional manipulations, such as nuclease protected sequencing [1,2], rolling Circle amplification [3], or digital transcriptome subtraction [4]. Nonetheless, it is clear that we possess a rich and diverse virome that probably contributes to our health but also, when perturbed, causes diseases, including cancers.
Cancer, Viruses, and Causality

单词 cancer viruses give us an important view on causation theory due to the peculiarities of their biology. Unlike acute viral infections, in which common sense and simple epidemiology provide an answer as to whether or not an agent causes a disease, viral cancers have complex patterns of Infection that reveals fundamental weaknesses in current epidemiologic theory [5,6].

Tumor formation is not an evolutionary adaptation for any human tumor virus discovered that far, and when viral tumors occur, they are biological accidents. There are seven established human cancer viruses (HIV is also considered a cancer virus, but it appears to cause tumors through Its immunosuppressive effects, and BK polyomavirus is emerging as a likely cause of some transplant-related urinary cancers [7]), but none of these agents cause cancer in the majority of infected persons-cancers are not a fundamental part of these viruses' life Cycles [8]. Instead, cancers are evolutionarily dead-end events that threaten the viral agent as much as the host, and viral tumors only occur in a minor fraction of infected individuals when multiple factors exist together with infection, such as specific gene mutations Or immune system suppression. Infect, viruses in these tumors are generally nonpermissive for forming infectious particles-or only marginally able to replicate- and so tumor-based transmission of virus infection within the human population is virtually nil. Most virus transmission, which is the Fulcrum for viral evolution, occurs between asymptomatic persons. Virtually all viral cancers are highly increased in immunosuppressed persons (eg, post-transplant and AIDS patients), consistent with continued immune system surveillance being critical in controlling outgrowth of a tumor once someone is infected [ 9,10].

StephenW

普通共生癌病毒

Patrick S. Moore，
袁昌

PLOS

发布时间：2017年1月19日
Http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006078

人类微生物组（更恰当地称为bacteriome）已经从微生物学的死水转移到临床科学的最前沿，开辟了新的疾病方法，包括自身免疫性疾病，癌症和营养不良。然而，人类病毒分析处于新生阶段，并且由于在丰富的人类基因组背景中检测病毒（没有高度保守的共有序列，例如核糖体RNA基因）的必要性而处于不利地位。克服这一障碍一般需要额外的操作，如核酸酶保护测序[1,2]，滚环扩增[3]或数字转录组减法[4]。然而，很明显，我们拥有丰富多样的病毒，可能有助于我们的健康，但是当被干扰时，会导致疾病，包括癌症。
癌症，病毒和因果关系

单癌症病毒给我们一个重要的观点的因果关系理论，由于他们的生物学的特殊性。与急性病毒感染不同，其中常识和简单流行病学提供了关于是否引起疾病的答案，病毒性癌症具有复杂的感染模式，其揭示了当前流行病学理论中的根本弱点[5,6]。

肿瘤形成不是对迄今发现的任何人类肿瘤病毒的进化适应，并且当病毒肿瘤发生时，它们是生物学事故。有七种已建立的人类癌症病毒（HIV也被认为是癌症病毒，但它似乎通过其免疫抑制作用引起肿瘤，BK多瘤病毒正在成为一些移植相关性尿癌的可能原因[7]），但没有的这些药物在大多数感染者中引起癌症 - 癌症不是这些病毒生命周期的基本部分[8]。相反，癌症是进化性死端事件，其威胁病毒剂与宿主一样多，并且当多种因子与感染一起存在时，病毒肿瘤仅发生在感染个体的一小部分中，例如特异性基因突变或免疫系统抑制。感染，这些肿瘤中的病毒通常不能形成感染性颗粒，或者只能勉强能够复制，因此在人群中基于肿瘤的病毒感染的传播几乎为零。大多数病毒传播，其是病毒进化的支点，发生在无症状的人之间。几乎所有的病毒性癌症在免疫抑制的人（例如，移植后和AIDS患者）中高度增加，与持续的免疫系统监测一旦有人被感染一起控制肿瘤的生长是关键的[9,10]。

StephenW

http://journals.plos.org/plospat ... ppat.1006078#sec003