明矾：老狗新把戏

StephenW

Emerg Microbes Infect. 2016 Mar 23;5:e25. doi: 10.1038/emi.2016.40.
Alum: an old dog with new tricks.Wen Y1, Shi Y2,3.
Author information

• 1Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Virology, MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
• 2Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Immunology, Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
• 3Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada.
  

AbstractAluminum compounds (alum) are the most widely used adjuvants in veterinary and human vaccines. Alum was initially thought to be a simple depot for antigen retention; however, our understanding of the mechanism by which it works has progressed substantially in recent decades. Nonetheless, consensus regarding its roles in different aspects of immune regulation has not been reached, and it remains a long-standing research subject in the field of vaccinology. This review, in chronological order, discusses the various hypotheses proposed in mostly inadequate attempts to illuminate the mechanism by which alum works, from the depot theory to the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome and from cell death-associated danger factors to crystalline structure-mediated plasma membrane alteration. In addition, novel findings of unexpected beneficial effects of decreased HBV (Hepatitis B virus) viral load and HBeAg seroconversion in chronically infected patients, as well as significant tumor suppression in experimental mice following multiple alum-only injections are examined, revealing alum's potential clinical applications beyond its use as a simple tool in antigen preparation. With increasing threats of emerging microbes, originating from natural or man-made sources, that pose significant health concerns at the population scale, the potential use of alum as a 'first-aid' vaccine is also discussed.

StephenW

EMERG微生物感染。 2016年3月23日; 5：E25。 DOI：10.1038 / emi.2016.40。
明矾：老狗新把戏。
温家宝Y1，施Y2,3。
作者信息分子医学病毒学教育部/卫生部，上海医学院，复旦大学，上海200032，中国重点实验室。基础医学科学院，清华大学免疫学研究所，中心，生命科学学院，北京100084，中国教研室。微生物学，免疫学和传染病，卡尔加里大学，卡尔加里T2N 4N1，加拿大阿尔伯塔3Department。
抽象
铝化合物（明矾）是最广泛使用的佐剂在兽医和人类疫苗。明矾最初被认为是抗原保留一个简单的仓库;但是，我们通过它的工作机理的认识近几十年来稳步推进。然而，就其在免疫调节的不同方面的作用共识尚未达到，它仍然是在疫苗学领域的长期研究课题。这篇综述中，按时间顺序排列，讨论了尝试大多不足以照亮由明矾的工作机制所提出的各种假设，从仓库理论到NLRP3炎性的参与，并从细胞死亡相关的危险因素的晶体结构介导的等离子体膜改变。此外，降低的HBV（乙型肝炎病毒）在慢性感染患者的病毒载量和血清转换，以及显著肿瘤抑制在实验小鼠的意想不到的有益效果的新发现以下多个明矾仅注射进行检查，揭示明矾的潜在的临床应用超出其作为抗原制备的简单工具的使用。随着新兴的微生物，自然或人为来源的，即构成在人口规模显著健康问题的威胁，可能使用明矾作为'急救'疫苗进行了讨论。