美国乙肝歧视案件

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大家可能会好奇，在美国是否有乙肝歧视呢？今天就给您解释一下。翻译匆忙，请见谅。
这篇博文是关于针对患有乙肝的医疗人员的歧视问题解答。如果对他们的歧视都是不赢该的，那么对从事普通工作的人更不应该有这种歧视。

文章来源： http://hepbblog.org/2015/07/15/do-you-have-to-tell-your-employer-about-your-hepatitis-b/#more-4429
Do You Have to Tell Your Employer About Your Hepatitis B?

“Do I have to tell my new employer about my hepatitis B?” 我是否应该告诉我的公司我患有乙肝

After years of cautiously completing medical forms for schools, camps and college, my daughter’s question took me by surprise. It shouldn’t have. Many jobs—even when they don’t involve direct medical care—require a physical exam and confirmation of hepatitis B immunization.

There may be a safe and effective vaccine and new treatments for hepatitis B, but ignorance and stigma remain stubbornly entrenched in many HR departments. So here is what every job applicant, employee and employer should know about hepatitis B and employment.

During the application process or job interview, can an employer ask about my health? 工作面谈时，公司是否可以询问我的健康状况？
No. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) strictly limits what can be asked during an interview. According to federal law, an employer can’t ask if you have a disability (such as hepatitis B) or require you to undergo a medical exam before offering you a job.
不可以。美国身体有缺陷人士保护法严格限制面谈时可询问的问题。根据联邦法律，雇主不可以询问你是否有身体限制或给你提供工作机会前要求你进行体检。（请注意法律要求雇主提供工作机会前不可以询问或要求你体检，但不代表你工作后他们不对你进行检查。有些工作会要求验尿，看你有没有抽大麻，海洛因之类）。

They CAN ask if you can perform the job (can you lift 50 pounds if you’re applying for a warehouse job) or how you would perform a job, but they can’t ask about your health.
他们可以询问你是否可以胜任工作（比如你在仓库工作，你可能要能举起50磅的重物），但不可以问你的健康状况

Can an employer require a medical exam or ask medical questions after an offer is made? 雇主在同意雇佣你后，是否可要求体检？

Yes. After the offer is made, employers can require you to answer certain medical questions (such as immunization coverage) and undergo a medical exam—as long as everyone who performs that job has to undergo the same exam. 是的，在同意你上班后，雇主可以要求你回答健康状况，例如预防针，并进行体检，前提是必须是所有人从事相同工作的人都被要求同样的检查。

If the medical exam reveals a disability that prevents you from doing the job, even after a “reasonable accommodation” is made, then the employer can withdraw the job offer.
如果体检显示，你的健康不允许你从事这个工作，而且公司提供了相应的合理的协助条件，他们可以收回雇佣同意。


Can an employer withdraw a job offer after they learn I have hepatitis B? No, because the majority of people with hepatitis B are healthy, productive and able to perform their jobs. Unless you have severe liver disease, hepatitis B does not impair your ability to be a teacher, nurse, doctor or home health aide.
如果公司在发现我有乙肝后，可不可以收回雇佣意向？ 不可以。因为大多数有乙肝的人仍然健康，胜任工作。除非你有严重的肝脏疾病，乙肝并不会影响你成为教师，护士，医生或家庭医疗护理人员。


If your hepatitis B status is made known as a result of a blood test or exam, that information should go no farther than the human resources department. Federal law requires employers to keep all medical records and information confidential and in separate files.
如果你的乙肝状况是通过体检发现，这个信息除了人事部，其他人不可以知道。联邦法律要求雇主将雇员的健康信息另外存放，不得外泄。

What if they say my hepatitis B poses a threat to clients, coworkers or patients? 如果雇主声称我的乙肝威胁到客户，同事或病人的健康，该怎么办？

There is no medical basis for that fear. The U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have determined that hepatitis B-infected nurses, doctors, dentists and other providers do not pose a threat to patients. If they say it does, send them these reports (see below). Call or email us if you need help.
这种对乙肝的恐慌没有医学根据。美国司法部和疾病控制中心都认为患有乙肝的护士，医生，牙医和其他专业人士，不会对病人造成危害。如雇主说会造成危害，请将下面的来自司法部和疾病控制中心的报告给他们。

The U.S. Department of Justice’s warning letter to medical, dental, nursing and other allied health programs to stop discrimination against applicants with hepatitis B.
美国司法部的警告信 － 关于停止对申请医疗，牙医，护理和其他健康项目的申请人的歧视
The letter can also be found online at: http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/office/hep-b-letter.pdf

And Updated CDC Recommendations for the Management of Hepatitis B Virus–Infected Health-Care Providers and Students
美国疾病控制中心对管理患有乙肝的医护人员和学生的建议信（更新）

is found at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr6103.pdf

What can I do if I feel I’ve been discriminated against? 如果我觉得收到歧视，怎么办？

You can file an ADA complaint against a state or local government or any business by mail or e-mail. For more information click here.  You can also file a complaint by email and if you have questions about filing an ADA complaint, call the ADA Information Line at 800-514-0301. 你可以以信件或电子邮件起诉当地政府或任何公司，或打司法部ADA的专线电话。

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以上是美国司法部致全美医疗和健康高等院校的建议信。内容是关于这类高校对乙肝学生的歧视和管理建议。这个信是以美国疾病控制中心的科学建议为准，对国内高校，用人单位应该很有参考价值。

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美国司法部2013年关于与新泽西医药和牙科大学对乙肝学生的歧视和解 （时间所限，大致翻译，并加杂一些题外的背景资料）

该大学录取了两名学生后发现其有乙肝，于是撤回录取通知。这两名学生（都是亚裔）起诉该学校，司法部命令学校不得歧视，录取有效，并赔偿75000美元。这是司法部代表乙肝患者达成的第一起关于乙肝歧视的和解案件。

（美国亚裔占全美人口不到5%，但乙肝患者占全美患者一般以上。因此对乙肝的歧视在一定程度上会触发种族歧视的可能，那个是更为严重的歧视类别）
美国疾病控制中心2012年的关于乙肝歧视的建议信中提出，从1991年开始，并没有发现乙肝从医护人员传染给病人的案例。司法部助理部长Thomas Perez说，仅凭没有根据的和错误的咨讯，将身体机能有限制的人从高等教育中隔离出来的做法是无法令人接受的行为。新泽西州法官Paul Fishman也说，作为一个为公众提供高等教育的机构，尤其是身兼培养下一代医疗专业人士的机构，应严格遵守国会制定的保护身体健康有缺陷的大众的法律，是至关重要的。 根据此项和解， 新泽西医疗牙科大学必须遵守疾病控制中心关于乙肝的建议信，让学生重回校园，对员工进行培训，并赔偿学生$75000美元损失和学费。

Justice Department Settles with the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Over Discrimination Against People with Hepatitis B
Tuesday, March 5, 2013

http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-settles-university-medicine-and-dentistry-new-jersey-over-discrimination

The Justice Department announced today that it has reached a settlement with the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey School (UMDNJ) under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The settlement resolves complaints that the UMDNJ School of Medicine and the UMDNJ School of Osteopathic Medicine unlawfully excluded applicants because they have hepatitis B. This is the first ADA settlement ever reached by the Justice Department on behalf of people with hepatitis B.

In 2011, the two applicants in this matter applied and were accepted to the UMDNJ School of Osteopathic Medicine, and one of them was also accepted to the UMDNJ School of Medicine. The schools later revoked the acceptances when the schools learned that the applicants have hepatitis B. The Justice Department determined that the schools had no lawful basis for excluding the applicants, especially because students at the schools are not even required to perform invasive surgical procedures, and that the exclusion of the applicants contradicts the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) updated guidance on this issue.

According to the CDC’s July 2012 “Updated Recommendations for Preventing Transmission and Medical Management of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) – Infected Health Care Workers and Students,” no transmission of Hepatitis B has been reported in the United States from primary care providers, clinicians, medical or dental students, residents, nurses, or other health care providers to patients since 1991.

“Excluding people with disabilities from higher education based on unfounded fears or incorrect scientific information is unacceptable,” said Thomas E. Perez, Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division. “We applaud the UMDNJ for working cooperatively with the Justice Department to resolve these matters in a fair manner.”

“It is especially important that a public institution of higher learning – especially one with a mission to prepare future generations of medical professionals – strictly follow the laws Congress has enacted to protect from discrimination those people who have health issues,” said U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey Paul Fishman. “The remedies to which the school has agreed should ensure this does not happen again.”

Under the settlement agreement, the UMDNJ must adopta disability rights policy that is based on the CDC’s Hepatitis B recommendations, permit the applicants to enroll in the schools, provide ADA training to their employees and provide the applicants a total of $75,000 in compensation and tuition credits.

Both of the applicants in this matter come from the Asian American Pacific Islander community. The CDC reports that Asian American Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) make up less than 5 percent of the total population in the United States, but account for more than 50 percent of Americans living with chronic Hepatitis B. Nearly 70 percent of AAPIs living in the United States were born, or have parents who were born, in countries where hepatitis B is common. Most AAPIs with Hepatitis B contracted Hepatitis B during childbirth . The Civil Rights Division is committed to ensuring that this community is not subjected to discrimination because of disability.

Title II of the ADA prohibits state and local government entities, like the UMDNJ, from discriminating against individuals with disabilities in programs, services, and activities. State and local governments must also make reasonable modifications in policies, practices, and procedures when the modifications are necessary to avoid discrimination on the basis of disability, unless those modifications would result in a fundamental alteration.

More information about the Civil Rights Division and the laws it enforces is available at the website www.justice.gov/crt.  More information about the ADA and today’s agreement with UMDNJ can be accessed at the ADA website at www.ada.gov or by calling the toll-free ADA information line at 800-514-0301 or 800-514-0383 (TTY).

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非常感谢分享！