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CRISPR/Cas9 cleavage of viral DNA
efficiently suppresses hepatitis B
virus
Vyas Ramanan1,*, Amir Shlomai2,*,#, David B.T. Cox1,6,9,*, Robert E. Schwartz1,3,4,
Eleftherios Michailidis2, Ankit Bhatta2, David A. Scott6,11, Feng Zhang1,6,10,11,
Charles M. Rice2 & Sangeeta N. Bhatia1,3,5,6,7,8
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is prevalent, deadly, and seldom cured due to the
persistence of viral episomal DNA (cccDNA) in infected cells. Newly developed genome engineering
tools may offer the ability to directly cleave viral DNA, thereby promoting viral clearance. Here, we
show that the CRISPR/Cas9 system can specifically target and cleave conserved regions in the HBV
genome, resulting in robust suppression of viral gene expression and replication. Upon sustained
expression of Cas9 and appropriately chosen guide RNAs, we demonstrate cleavage of cccDNA by
Cas9 and a dramatic reduction in both cccDNA and other parameters of viral gene expression and
replication. Thus, we show that directly targeting viral episomal DNA is a novel therapeutic approach
to control the virus and possibly cure patients.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects over 250 million people worldwide. Chronically infected
individuals are at an increased risk for deadly complications, including cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease
and hepatocellular carcinoma, resulting in approximately 600,000 deaths per year1. HBV is a member
of the Hepadnaviridae family and its life cycle involves both DNA and RNA intermediates. The HBV
genome exists in the nuclei of infected hepatocytes as a 3.2kb double-stranded episomal DNA species
called covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). cccDNA is a key component in the HBV life cycle,
since it is the template for all viral genomic and subgenomic transcripts2. Currently approved HBV therapies
act post-transcriptionally to inhibit viral replication and thus fail to target or eliminate the cccDNA
pool, which exhibits extraordinary stability and persistence3. Consequently, these drugs must often be
taken indefinitely to prevent viral rebound. Agents that act directly on viral DNA to deplete this reservoir
may represent more desirable and possibly curative therapeutic alternatives4.
To this end, targeted nucleases may provide an efficient and specific way to damage the HBV genome
while sparing host genomic DNA5–7. Targeted nucleases catalyze double-stranded DNA break (DSB)
formation, which leads to the formation of mutagenic insertions and deletions (indels) through error-prone
nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) at the target DNA locus. Recently, the type II CRISPR-Cas system
of Streptococcus pyogenes SF370 has been adapted as an RNA-guided, sequence-specific DNA nuclease
for use in mammalian cells8,9. CRISPR/Cas9 and other genome engineering technologies have been
employed to design candidate therapeutics via gene targeting, knockout of beneficial host genes, and
mutation of integrated viruses10, and we sought to further study the application of CRISPR/Cas9 to direct
targeting and cleavage of HBV cccDNA. We hypothesized that by directly targeting the HBV genome
for cleavage using CRISPR/Cas9, we could suppress HBV by mutagenizing critical genomic elements or
decreasing the stability of cccDNA and other viral intermediates through repeated linearization of the
circular genomes (Fig. 1a).
1Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139,USA.
2Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University,New York, NY 10065, USA.
3Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115,USA.
4Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
5Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,MA 02139, USA.
6Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. 7Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA
02139, USA.
8Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
MA 02139, USA.
9Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.
10Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139.
11McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
*These authors contributed equally to this work. #Current address: The Liver Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson
hospital and the Sackler Faculty of Medicie, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel Correspondence and requests for
materials should be addressed to F.Z. (email: [email protected]) or C.M.R. (email: [email protected]) or S.N.B. (email: [email protected])
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