实验室培养的阴茎已经准备好人体试验

StephenW

Lab-grown penises are ready for human trials                                                                                                               

Bec Crew

Tuesday, 07 October 2014

Lab-grown penises will be ready for human testing within five years, scientists report, to help people who have lost theirs to congenital abnormalities, cancer or injury. Image: angellodeco/Shutterstock They've already created lab-grown kidneys, hearts, and vaginas, and now a team of bioengineering specialists at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine in the US is working on getting their lab-grown penises approved for human testing. Led by Anthony Atala, director of the Wake Forest Institute, the researchers started out by crafting penises for rabbit subjects back in 2008. The process begins with the researchers taking cells from the remainder of the recipient's penis and growing them in the lab for four to six weeks. This ensures that the risk of the recipient's body rejecting the new organ will be low. They also take a donor penis, wash it with detergent to kill all the living cells, and use this as a collagen frame - or scaffold - on which to build their new penis. To make sure the lab-grown penis is actually functional when transplanted onto a recipient, the team built each one by layering endothelial cells - which line the interior surface of blood vessels - on top of smooth muscle cells. Of the 12 male rabbits that received the team's lab-grown penises, each one ended up mating with a female as soon as they were put in contact, and four of these interactions resulted in pregnancies. "The rabbit studies were very encouraging,” Atala told Dari Mohammadi at The Guardian, "but to get approval for humans we need all the safety and quality assurance data, we need to show that the materials aren't toxic, and we have to spell out the manufacturing process, step by step.” While hospitals already have an option for human patients in need of a replacement penis, it’s by no means ideal, as Mohammadi explains: "At present, the only treatment option for these men is to have a penis constructed with skin and muscle from their thigh or forearm. Sexual function can be restored with a penile prosthetic placed inside. The prosthetics can be either malleable rods, with the penis left in a permanently semi-rigid state and thus difficult to conceal, or inflatable rods, which have a saline pump housed in the scrotum. Both technologies have been around since the 1970s. The aesthetics are crude and penetration is awkward.” Atala’s team has been specialising in lab-grown tissues and organs for over 10 years, and are right now working on 30 different kinds, including the first ever lab-grown human bladder, which they created in 1999, and the first lab-grown vagina, developed in 2005. They’re now in the process of getting approval from the US Food and Drug Administration to start human testing on their lab-grown penises within the next five years. They've so far built six human penises that are ready for transplantation, as soon as they get approval. If the trials prove a success, the technique will be made available in hospitals around the world, using penises from deceased donors for the scaffolding. "Our target is to get the organs into patients with injuries or congenital abnormalities,” Atala toldThe Guardian. His work has been funded by the US Armed Forces Institute of Regenerative Medicine, so one group he hopes to help with this technology is soldiers who have sustained severe injuries on the battlefield. He also hopes to assist people who have been born with a disorder known as ambiguous genitalia, which is often treated by removing the male genitals altogether, and essentially forces a male to grow up as a female. "Imagine being genetically male but living as a woman," Atala told Becky Ferreira at Motherboard. "It's a firmly devastating problem that we hope to help with." 实验室培养的阴茎已经准备好人体试验 BEC船员 周二，2014年10月7日 实验室培养的阴茎将准备在五年内人体试验中，科学家报告，以帮助谁失去了他们的先天畸形，肿瘤或受伤的人。 实验室的阴茎 图片：angellodeco/其他Shutterstock 他们已经创造了实验室培养的肾脏，心脏和阴道，现在球队生物工程专家在威克森林再生医学研究所，美国正在让他们的实验室培养的阴茎批准用于人体试验。 由安东尼·阿塔拉，维克森林研究所所长的带领下，研究人员开始通过各具特色的阴茎兔科早在2008年这个过程开始，研究人员以细胞从收件人的阴茎剩余时间和他们成长在实验室中四至六个星期。这确保了收信人的身体的拒绝新的器官的风险将是低的。他们还采取捐赠者的阴茎，用清洁剂清洗，以杀死所有的活细胞，并以此为框架的胶原蛋白 - 或支架 - 在其上建立自己的新的阴茎。 该行血管内表面 -  - 对平滑肌细胞顶部，以确保实验室培养的阴茎实际上是功能性的时候移植到接受者，球队通过分层内皮细胞构建的每一个。收到球队的实验室培养的阴茎在12公兔，每一个结束了与雌鼠交配，只要它们置于接触，这四个相互作用导致怀孕。 “兔子的研究非常令人鼓舞，”阿塔拉说达里语穆罕默迪在卫报“，但要获得批准，我们需要所有的安全和质量保证的数据，我们需要证明的材料是无毒的人类，我们必须拼出的制造过程中，一步一步来。“ 虽然医院已经为人类患者需要更换阴茎的选项，它的绝不是理想的，因为穆罕默迪解释说： “目前，对于这些人唯一的治疗选择是与皮肤和肌肉从大腿或前臂构造的阴茎，性功能可以用阴茎假体放在里面恢复的假肢可以是可延展的棒，用阴茎自20世纪70年代遗留在永久半刚性状态，因此难以掩饰，或充气棒，其中有一个盐水泵装在阴囊。这两种技术已经存在的美学是原油和渗透是尴尬的。“ 阿塔拉的研究小组一直专注于实验室培养的组织和器官的超过10年，并且现在正在30种之多，其中包括首次实验室培养的人膀胱，这是他们在1999年创造的，第一个实验室培养的阴道开发于2005年。 他们现在是在获得了美国食品和药物管理局批准，在未来五年内开始在他们的实验室培养的人类阴茎的测试过程。他们已经走了这么远，只要他们得到批准建6人阴茎是准备移植。如果试验证明成功，该技术将在世界各地的医院来提供，采用阴茎从死者捐赠的脚手架。 “我们的目标是让器官为病人受伤或先天畸形，”阿塔拉告诉卫报，他的工作已经由再生医学的美国武装部队学院，所以他希望能帮助这个技术一组是兵谁有持续在战场上严重受伤，他也希望能够帮助谁已经诞生了障碍被称为暧昧的生殖器，这往往被视为完全去除男性生殖器的人，基本上是迫使男性成长起来的女性。 “想象一下，转基因的男性，但生活作为一个女人，”阿塔拉告诉贝基·费雷拉在主板上。 “这是一个坚定毁灭性的问题，我们希望帮助”。