乙肝病毒感染在人类和灵长类动物的起源与扩散

肝胆速递

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.26079/abstract
Dating the origin and dispersal of hepatitis B virus infection in humans and primates

    Dimitrios. Paraskevis1,†,*,
    Gkikas Magiorkinis1,2,
    Emmanouil Magiorkinis1,
    Simon Y.W. Ho3,
    Robert Belshaw2,
    Jean-Pierre Allain4,
    Angelos Hatzakis1

DOI: 10.1002/hep.26079
    1    Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
    2    Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
    3    School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
    4    Department of Haematology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

    †    Ph: +30 210 7462119; Fax: +30 210 7462190

Email: Dimitrios. Paraskevis ([email protected])

*National Retrovirus Reference Center,Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology,Medical School, Athens University, Mikras Asias 75, GR-11527, Athens, Greece


Abstract

The origin of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in humans and other apes remains largely unresolved. Understanding the origin of HBV is crucial because it provides a framework for studying the burden, and subsequently the evolution, of HBV pathogenicity with respect to changes in human population size and life expectancy.To investigate this controversy,we examined the relationship between HBV phylogeny and genetic diversity of modern humans,investigated the timescale of global HBV dispersal and tested the hypothesis of HBV-human co-divergence. We find that the global distribution of HBV genotypes and subgenotypes are consistent with the major prehistoric modern human migrations.We calibrate the HBV molecular clock using the divergence times of different indigenous human populations based on archaeological and genetic evidence,and show that HBV jumped into humans around 33,600; 95% Higher Posterior Density: 22,000-47,100 years ago (estimated substitution rate: 2.2?10-6; 95% Higher Posterior Density: 1.5-3.0?10-6 substitutions/site/year). This coincides with the origin of modern non-African humans. Crucially, the most pronounced increase in the HBV pandemic correlates with the global population increase over the last 5,000 years. We also show that the non-human HBV clades in orangutans and gibbons resulted from cross-species transmission events from humans that occurred no earlier than 6,100 years ago Conclusion: Our study provides, for the first time, an estimated timescale for the HBV epidemic that closely coincides with dates of human dispersals, supporting the hypothesis that HBV has been co-expanding and co-migrating with human populations for the last 40,000 years. (HEPATOLOGY 2012.)

肝胆速递

乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染人类和其他类人猿的起源仍然悬而未决。了解乙肝病毒的起源是至关重要的，因为它提供了一个框架，学习的负担，随后的演变，人类的人口规模和寿命的变化HBV致病性。为了研究这个问题的争论，我们之间的关系HBV现代人类的亲缘关系和遗传多样性研究，研究的时间尺度全球HBV传播和HBV-人类共同的分歧验证了这一假说。我们发现，全球HBV基因型和亚型的分布是一致的主要史前现代人类migrations.We的校准肝炎病毒分子时钟使用不同的土著人口的起源时间，根据考古学和遗传学证据表明，HBV跳进人类大约33,600;95％较高的后验概率密度：22,000-47,100年前（估计替代率：2.2×10-6;95％的后验概率密度：1.5〜3.010-6替换/网站/年）。这与非非洲的现代人类的起源。最重要的是，在HBV流行与过去5000年的全球人口增长最显着增加。我们还表明，非人类的HBV分支猩猩和长臂猿从跨物种传染人的不早超过6,100年前发生的事件结论：我们的研究提供了，第一次，估计时间的HBV流行密切与人疏散日期一致，支持这一假设，HBV一直合作不断扩大，合作在过去4万年的人类群体迁移。 （肝胆病2012）。

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这项研究表明，
大约33000年前乙肝病毒跳进人类.