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本帖最后由 肝胆速递 于 2012-9-22 23:51 编辑
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.26079/abstract
Dating the origin and dispersal of hepatitis B virus infection in humans and primates
Dimitrios. Paraskevis1,†,*,
Gkikas Magiorkinis1,2,
Emmanouil Magiorkinis1,
Simon Y.W. Ho3,
Robert Belshaw2,
Jean-Pierre Allain4,
Angelos Hatzakis1
DOI: 10.1002/hep.26079
1 Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
2 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
3 School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
4 Department of Haematology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
† Ph: +30 210 7462119; Fax: +30 210 7462190
Email: Dimitrios. Paraskevis ([email protected])
*National Retrovirus Reference Center,Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology,Medical School, Athens University, Mikras Asias 75, GR-11527, Athens, Greece
Abstract
The origin of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in humans and other apes remains largely unresolved. Understanding the origin of HBV is crucial because it provides a framework for studying the burden, and subsequently the evolution, of HBV pathogenicity with respect to changes in human population size and life expectancy.To investigate this controversy,we examined the relationship between HBV phylogeny and genetic diversity of modern humans,investigated the timescale of global HBV dispersal and tested the hypothesis of HBV-human co-divergence. We find that the global distribution of HBV genotypes and subgenotypes are consistent with the major prehistoric modern human migrations.We calibrate the HBV molecular clock using the divergence times of different indigenous human populations based on archaeological and genetic evidence,and show that HBV jumped into humans around 33,600; 95% Higher Posterior Density: 22,000-47,100 years ago (estimated substitution rate: 2.2?10-6; 95% Higher Posterior Density: 1.5-3.0?10-6 substitutions/site/year). This coincides with the origin of modern non-African humans. Crucially, the most pronounced increase in the HBV pandemic correlates with the global population increase over the last 5,000 years. We also show that the non-human HBV clades in orangutans and gibbons resulted from cross-species transmission events from humans that occurred no earlier than 6,100 years ago Conclusion: Our study provides, for the first time, an estimated timescale for the HBV epidemic that closely coincides with dates of human dispersals, supporting the hypothesis that HBV has been co-expanding and co-migrating with human populations for the last 40,000 years. (HEPATOLOGY 2012.)
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