HBV Journal Review May 1, 2012, Vol 9, no 5 by Christine M. Kukka

StephenW

Hepatitis B plus a Family History of Liver Cancer  Increases Cancer Risk 70-Fold
                  A family history of liver cancer increases the chance that a  person infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) will develop liver cancer  70-fold, according to an article published in the May issue of the journal Hepatology.
                   Just a family history of liver cancer–even without hepatitis  B or C infection–increases cancer risk, according to Italian researchers who  compared family histories of liver cancer in 229 liver cancer patients and 431  cancer-free patients comprising the control group.
                   They found that 75% of liver cancer patients and 11% of the  control group had hepatitis B or C infections. Compared to patients who had no  family history of liver cancer and no hepatitis B or C, researchers found an  odds ratio of 73 for those with both viral hepatitis and family history of  cancer–resulting in a 70-fold increased risk of developing liver cancer.
                   "Our findings confirm that individuals with a positive  family history of liver cancer have three-times higher risk of developing liver  cancer," researchers noted. "Monitoring individuals with family  history, particularly those with hepatitis markers (infection), could help to  identify liver cancer at an earlier stage, and hence potentially reduce  mortality from liver cancer."
                  New Blood Test Could Reveal Which Men Are at Risk of  Liver Cancer
                  A new, inexpensive blood test could identify which people  infected with HBV are at higher risk of liver cancer–prompting more aggressive  monitoring and treatment.
                   People with significantly longer telomeres–the caps on the  end of chromosomes that protect genetic data–were found to have an increased  risk of getting liver cancer compared to those with shorter ones, according to  research recently presented at the 2012 American Association for Cancer  Research Annual Meeting.
                   The telomere length in those with HBV-related liver cancer  was about 50% longer than in cancer-free HBV patients.
                   Researchers from the Department of Medical Oncology at  Thomas Jefferson University and Jefferson's Kimmel Cancer Center examined  telomeres' lengths in blood samples from more than 400 hepatitis B patients,  including 140 with liver cancer and 280 without cancer. All participants were  Korean-American in order to avoid the effects of ethnicity on telomere length.  Most had been infected at birth or during childhood.
                   The difference in telomere length was only evident in males  and in non-cirrhotic patients–possibly because cirrhosis itself can lead to  liver cancer.
                  Kidney Problems Develop in 15% of Patients Treated  Long-term with Adefovir or Tenofovir
                  A study by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive  and Kidney Diseases found that kidney damage occurs in about 15% of patients  treated for several years with the antivirals adefovir (Hepsera) or tenofovir  (Viread). Antivirals, taken daily as pills, hinder the virus' ability to  reproduce.
                   Researchers, prompted by reports of kidney problems  resulting from long-term antiviral treatment, followed patients treated for an  average 7.4 years with adefovir (42 patients), tenofovir (4), and with adefovir  followed by tenofovir (5).  Seven of  these patients (14%) developed renal  tubular acidosis (RTA), a medical condition that involves an accumulation of  acid in the body due to a failure of the kidneys to filter urine.
                   RTA developed  anywhere from 22 to 94 months (about 4 years on average) in 15% of the  patients in the study over a 10-year period, according to the report in the  April 2012 issue of the journal of Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics.
                   Six of the patients with kidney problems were switched to  the antiviral entecavir (Baraclude), and all experienced improvements in kidney  function.
                   "Monitoring for serum phosphate, creatinine and  urinalysis is prudent during long-term adefovir and tenofovir therapy,"  researchers noted, in order to identify development of RTA as soon as it  occurs.
                   An unrelated study published in the journal of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology would appear to contradict these findings. University of  California at San Diego researchers reported that patients treated with  tenofovir were no more likely to experience kidney damage than patients treated  with entecavir. However, researchers did not note whether patients had been  treated with the antivirals long-term.
                  Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer Appears Not to Exacerbate  HBV Infection
                  Increasingly, doctors are becoming aware that chemotherapy  used to treat various cancers can weaken the immune system and enable HBV  infection to rebound–even in patients with inactive or resolved infection.
                   A recent Japanese study followed 32 HBV-infected women who  were treated with chemotherapy for breast cancer. According to the report  published in the April 2012 issue of Oncology, the current breast cancer  chemotherapy did not result in liver damage or a resurgence of HBV DNA.
                   They measured alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, which  increase when liver cells are damaged or die, and conducted other tests for  liver damage in the women receiving chemotherapy over 378 cycles.
                   Among the 32 patients, three experienced moderate liver  damage that required two chemotherapy treatment delays and one treatment  revision. Nine patients experienced some red blood cell damage, which required  treatment delays in two patients and treatment revisions in three.
                   Researchers concluded that hematotoxicities (causing damage  to red blood cells or clotting problems) were not highly prevalent among breast  cancer chemotherapy patients with hepatitis B and normal ALT levels at the  start of treatment.
                   "Under careful monitoring, chemotherapy dosage or  schedule adjustments may not be necessary in similar patients positive for  HBV," they wrote.
                  Researchers Suggest Tears and Saliva May Transmit HBV  Infection
                  Japanese researchers tested tears, saliva, urine and sweat  from 39 HBV-infected children and eight adults to see if the samples contained  HBV-DNA sufficient to transmit hepatitis B infection.
                   They found HBV DNA in:
                  

• 73.7%       (14 of 19) of urine samples
• 86.8%       (33 of 38) of saliva samples
• 100%       of tear samples
• And       100% of sweat samples.
  

                  The levels of HBV DNA levels were highest in tears. Also,  the higher the viral loads in the children and adults tested, the higher the  HBV DNA levels in the saliva and tears, according to the report published in  the April edition of the Journal of Infectious Diseases.
                   The researchers then tried injecting the tears with HBV DNA  into two engineered mice whose livers were similar to humans. One week after  injection, both mice tested positive for HBV DNA.
                   In a separate study, published in the Compendium of  Continuing Education in Dentistry, researchers screened the saliva of 35  HBV-infected patients for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). HBsAg was found  in the saliva of 26 of the 35 patients.
                   The study's abstract did not suggest saliva alone could  transmit HBsAg, but the authors suggested that saliva could be used as a  non-invasive way to test large numbers of people for HBsAg.
                   To date, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  (CDC) does not list saliva in tears as capable of transmitting hepatitis B  infection.
                  REVEAL Study Shows Links between HBV DNA and  Liver/Pancreatic Cancers
                  Researchers recently examined the latest results collected  from the largest and longest study into HBV DNA and liver cancer worldwide to  examine the links between HBV DNA and cancer in 3,653 patients.
                   The REVEAL-HBV Study (Risk  Evaluation of Viral Load Elevation and Associated Liver  Disease/Cancer-Hepatitis B Virus) has followed participants (age 30-65)  recruited from a community-based cancer screening program in Taiwan for more  than 12 years. To date, there have been 164 cases of liver cancer and 436  deaths among those surveyed.
                   According to the overview  published in the journal Liver International, HBV DNA levels are  directly linked to the incidence of cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver failure  and death. Lowered or undetectable HBV DNA almost always predicts clearance of  HBsAg.
                   HBV strains or genotypes and viral  mutations, including those in the core or precore area of the virus, also  increase the risk of liver cancer.
                   Even people with  "inactive" hepatitis B–with HBsAg, low viral load, and normal ALT  levels–still have an increased risk of liver compared to those who are  HBsAg-negative.
                   "A somewhat provocative and  novel finding from the REVEAL-HBV study is the association of chronic HBV  infection (with) active replication with an increased pancreatic cancer risk  especially in women less than 50 years old," researchers noted. "This  finding will hopefully spur further research in this area seeking confirmatory  evidence."
                  HBsAg Levels Predict Cancer Risk in HBeAg-Negative  Patients with Low HBV DNA Levels
                  Usually, doctors use viral load to determine when patients  who test negative for the hepatitis B "e" antigen (HBeAg) need  treatment or are at high risk for liver cancer. But many HBeAg-negative  patients have low viral loads, yet about 1% of them still develop liver damage  each year. So what other indicators can doctors use to signal when treatment is  needed?
                   Taiwanese researchers suggest they use HBsAg levels to  determine when treatment is needed in a report published in the journal Gastroenterology.
                   HBsAg levels are increasingly  being recognized as indicators of viral replication and how strong the  patient's immune system is in controlling the infection. For example, a lower  HBsAg level is associated with lower risk of liver damage.
                   In this study, researchers  followed 2,688 HBV-infected patients age 28 and older with genotypes B or C,  but no cirrhosis, over 15 years. According to the report, 191 patients developed  liver cancer during the study period, about 4.8 cases per 1,000 person-years.
                   As expected, HBeAg positivity,  higher levels of HBV DNA, and higher levels of ALT were all were associated  with a higher rate of liver cancer, as was male gender, older age, and  infection with genotype C.
                   But among the HBeAg-negative  patients with low viral load, the risk for developing liver cancer was  five-times higher in patients with HBsAg levels exceeding 1,000 international  units per milliliter (IU/mL) or greater), compared to patients with lower HBsAg  levels.
                   Researchers concluded that a  combination of low viral load and low HBsAg levels may indicate that an  HBeAg-negative patient may not require treatment, compared to patients with  elevated HBsAg levels.
                  More Babies Born to HBV-Infected Mothers Are Getting  Immunized in the U.S.
                  According to a report published in the March issue of Pediatrics,  the number of babies born to HBV-infected mothers in the U.S. who received the  immunization and hepatitis B antibodies within a day of birth increased from  92% to almost 97% between 1990 and 2008.
                   Additionally, the number of babies who developed hepatitis  B, despite those preventive efforts, declined from 2% to less than 1% by 2008.  Without same-day immunization, nearly all infants born to HBV-infected mothers  would develop chronic hepatitis B.
                   Nationwide, between 1 and 2 million U.S. residents have  chronic hepatitis B and CDC estimates that more than 40,000 become infected  every year through exposure to body fluids through birth and sexual activity.
                   CDC guidelines require all pregnant women to be screened for  HBV infection, and all newborns to be immunized against the virus within 12  hours of birth, followed by an additional two or three vaccine doses over the  next year.
                   CDC estimates that from 1994 to 2008, the number of pregnant  women who were found to be HBV-positive increased from about 19,000 to close to  26,000 due to better screening efforts. The number of HBV-exposed babies who  got both hepatitis B antibodies and a vaccine within a day of birth increased  from 92% to almost 97%.
                   On the down side, CDC was unable to track about half of the  infants in its study to find out if they developed hepatitis B despite the  vaccine, and the number of infants who received all three required vaccine  doses decreased during the study period–from 86% to 78%.
                  Telbivudine Cuts Mother-to-Infant Hepatitis B  Transmission to Zero
                  Telbivudine (Tyzeka) taken during the second or third  trimester of pregnancy to reduce viral load in HBV-infected women cut  mother-to-child infection to zero according to a study involving 88 women who  had high viral loads and elevated ALT levels, published in the May issue of Clinical  Gastroenterology and Hepatology.
                   In contrast, the infection transmission rate in newborns born  to mothers who were not treated with antivirals was 9% despite administration  of a vaccine and preventive hepatitis B antibodies, according to researchers at  Mount Sinai Medical Center, who conducted the study in Nanjing, China.
                   The results support the use of antiviral drugs in pregnant  women with high viral loads. This treatment has not yet been approved by the  U.S. Food and Drug Administration, but clinical trials increasingly show the  approach to be safe for both mothers and infants.
                   The 88 women with high viral loads were all given the choice  to receive antiviral therapy (53 chose the treatment–a 600 mg telbivudine pill  daily until 28 weeks after delivery) or not (35 women did not choose the  antiviral, and they became the control group.)
                   Thirteen of the 52 treated mothers (29%) decided to  discontinue the antiviral therapy during the first month after delivery (due to  breast feeding), and the rest continued to take it until the study ended at 28  weeks after giving birth.
                   As expected, HBV DNA levels dropped to undetectable levels  in 58% of the telbivudine-treated group and ALT levels normalized in 92% by the  end of the study.
                   All the infants in the study received hepatitis B antibodies  with the HBV vaccine within 6 hours of birth and completed all three HBV  vaccine shots according to the vaccine schedule.
                   At birth, all infants were HBeAg-positive and two in the  telbivudine group and eight in the control group were also HBsAg-positive.  However by week 28, all infants in the telbivudine group tested negative for  HBeAg, HBsAg, and HBV DNA.
                   There were no significant differences between the health of  the infants or mothers in the two studies and all infants had normal  development.
                   In an unrelated study, reported in the April issue of Gastroenterology, researchers  suggested that women who were HBeAg-positive with high viral load should be  prescribed antiviral treatment during the last two trimesters of pregnancy.  They surveyed 583 infants born to HBeAg-positive mothers and 1,773 were born to  HBeAg-negative mothers (with lower viral loads)–all of whom received the three  doses of HBV vaccine.
                   They reported that 9.26% of children born to HBeAg-positive  mothers became infected, compared with only 0.23% of children born to  HBeAg-negative mothers.
                   These differences are so large that, "applying  different preventive strategies (including antiviral treatment to women with  high viral loads) can be justified," researchers noted.

StephenW

B型肝炎加上肝癌家族史癌症的风险增加70倍
家族史的肝癌增加的机会，与B型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染者会发展为肝癌，70倍，根据在五月发行的杂志肝病发表的一篇文章。

仅仅是乙型或丙型肝炎感染会增加患癌症的风险，即使没有癌症肝家族史，根据意大利的研究人员在229肝癌患者和431名癌症患者组成的对照组相比，肝癌家族史。

他们发现，75％的肝癌患者和对照组的11％，B型肝炎或C感染。病人有没有肝癌家族史和无B型肝炎或C相比，研究人员发现，病毒性肝炎和发展肝癌的风险增加70倍，导致癌症家族病史的人胜算比73。

“我们的研究结果证实，与肝癌的阳性家族史的个体发展肝癌的风险高出3倍，”研究人员指出。 “个人与家族病史，尤其是监测乙肝标志物（感染），可以帮助识别肝癌在早期阶段，因此可能降低肝癌的死亡率。”

新的血液测试可以揭​​示其中男性是肝癌的风险
一种新的，廉价的血液测试能识别人感染乙肝病毒是肝癌，提示更积极的监测和治疗的风险较高。

显着较长的人端粒染色体保护年底帽的基因数据，发现有一个相比较短的增加罹患肝癌的风险，根据最近的研究提出了在2012年美国协会癌症研究年度会议。

在HBV相关性肝癌的端粒长度比癌症乙肝患者约50％。

托马斯·杰弗逊大学杰弗逊的Kimmel癌症中心的肿瘤医学部的研究人员在检查血样中的端粒长度从400多名乙肝患者，包括140个无癌，肝癌和280。所有与会者都韩裔美国人，以避免种族端粒长度的影响。大部分在出生时或在童年时被感染。

端粒长度的差异明显，因为只有在男性和非肝硬化患者可能肝硬化本身可以导致肝癌。

肾脏问题在15％的患者长期与阿德福韦或替诺福韦治疗
一个由美国国立糖尿病，消化道和肾脏疾病研究所的一项研究发现，肾功能损害发生在约15％的患者治疗的抗病毒药物阿德福韦（阿德福韦酯）或泰诺福韦（VIREAD）几年。抗病毒药物，采取每天为丸，阻碍病毒的繁殖能力。

研究，提示肾脏问题的报告，从长期的抗病毒治疗，其次为阿德福韦（42例），替诺福韦（4）平均7.4年治疗的患者，阿德福韦，替诺福韦（5）。这些患者中有7人（14％），肾小管性酸中毒（RTA），医疗条件，涉及酸在体内积累，由于一个失败的肾脏过滤尿液。

RTA的发展在任何地方从22至94个月（平均约4年），15％的患者在研究超过10年的时间内，根据消化系统药理学与治疗杂志2012年4月发行的报告。

六肾脏问题的病人被交换的抗病毒药物恩替卡韦（博路定），所有经验丰富的改善肾功能。

“审慎监测血磷，肌酐和尿检是在长期阿德福韦和替诺福韦治疗，”研究人员指出，以确定RTA的发展，尽快发生。

会出现一个不相关的研究在临床胃肠病学和肝病学杂志“发表这些研究结果相矛盾。美国加州大学圣迭戈分校的研究人员报告说，与替诺福韦治疗的患者更有可能体验到恩替卡韦治疗的患者相比，肾损害。然而，研究人员没有注意到是否已与长期的抗病毒药物治疗的患者。

乳腺癌化疗似乎没有乙肝病毒感染加剧
越来越多，医生们逐渐意识到，用于治疗各种癌症的化疗，可以削弱免疫系统，使反弹，甚至无效或解决感染患者HBV感染。

最近日本研究追踪32 HBV感染化疗治疗乳腺癌的妇女。据发表在2012年4月肿瘤问题的报告，目前乳腺癌化疗并未导致肝功能损害或HBV DNA的回潮。

他们测量了谷丙转氨酶（ALT）水平，从而增加当肝细胞受损或死亡，并在收到超过378个周期化疗的妇女进行了肝功能损害的其他测试。

其中32例患者中，有三名经验丰富的中度肝功能损害，需要两个化疗治疗延误和治疗修订。 9例患者经历了一些红血细胞的损伤，这需要在两个病人和治疗三个修订延误治疗。

研究人员得出结论，hematotoxicities（红血细胞或凝血问题造成损坏）在乳腺癌化疗与B型肝炎和ALT水平正常的患者在治疗开始盛行不高。

“缜密的监控之下，化疗剂量或时间表的调整可能没有必要在类似HBV阳性患者，”他们写道。

研究人员建议，眼泪和唾液可能传播乙肝病毒感染
日本研究人员测试了来自39个乙肝病毒感染的儿童和8个成人的眼泪，唾液，尿液和汗水看到，如果样品中，HBV-DNA，足以传送B型肝炎感染。

他们发现，HBV DNA的：

    尿液样本73.7％（14 19）
    唾液样本86.8％（33 38）
    泪液样品100％
    汗液的样本和100％。

HBV DNA水平的水平最高的泪水。此外，测试中的儿童和成人的病毒载量较高，唾液和眼泪中的HBV DNA水平较高，在四月出版的“传染病杂志”发表的报告。

然后，研究人员试图与HBV DNA注入两个工程小鼠，其肝脏类似人类的眼泪。一个星期注射后，小鼠都测试为HBV DNA阳性。

在口腔医学继续教育汇编出版，在另一项研究中，研究人员筛选了35 HBV感染乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）患者的唾液。乙肝表面抗原被发现在35例患者中有26人的唾液。

研究的抽象并不表明唾液可以单独传输乙肝表面抗原，但笔者建议，可作为一种非侵入性的方式来测试大量的人对乙肝表面抗原的唾液。

迄今为止，美国疾病控制和预防中心（CDC）不列入眼泪能够传播乙肝病毒感染的唾液。

揭示研究显示，HBV DNA和肝/胰脏癌之间的联系
研究人员最近研究的最新收集到HBV DNA和肝癌的全球规模最大，时间最长的研究结果，以探讨在3,653例患者的HBV DNA和癌症之间的联系。

的Reveal研究乙型肝炎病毒（病毒载量的提升和相关的肝脏疾病/癌症，乙肝病毒的风险评估），其次以社区为基础的癌症筛查计划在台湾招募超过12年的参与者（30-65岁）。到今天为止，已经有164例肝癌，受访者中436人死亡。

据发表在国际杂志肝概述，HBV DNA水平直接关系到肝硬化，肝癌和肝衰竭而死亡，发病率。降低或检测不到HBV DNA的几乎总是预测HBsAg清除。

乙型肝炎病毒株或基因型和病毒基因突变，包括那些在核心或病毒前C区的面积，还增加了肝癌的风险。

甚至人与肝炎的B-HBsAg的“无效”，低病毒载量，ALT正常水平仍然有增加肝脏的风险比那些HBsAg阴性。

“一个有点挑衅和新颖的Reveal乙肝病毒的研究发现是慢性乙肝病毒感染的关联（含）复制活跃，增加胰脏癌的风险，尤其是在不到50岁的妇女，研究人员指出。” “这一发现将有望带动进一步研究，在这一地区寻求确认的证据。”

在HBeAg阴性患者HBsAg水平预测低HBV DNA水平与癌症风险
通常情况下，医生使用病毒载量来确定，当患者测试肝炎的负面B“的E”抗原（HBeAg）需要治疗，或在肝癌的高风险。但是，许多HBeAg阴性患者病毒载量低，但其中约1％，发展肝损伤每年。什么其他指标，医生可以使用的信号时，治疗是必要的吗？

台湾研究人员认为，他们使用，以决定何时需要治疗胃肠病学杂志发表的一份报告中HBsAg水平。

HBsAg水平越来越多地被确认为病毒复制的指标和控制感染患者的免疫系统是如何强烈。例如，一个较低的HBsAg水平与肝功能损害的风险较低。

在这项研究中，研究人员随后2,688 HBV感染患者年龄28基因型B或C及以上，但不超过15年的肝硬化。根据该报告，在研究期间，191例发展肝癌，每1000人年约4.8例。

正如预期的那样，HBeAg阳性，血清HBV DNA和ALT水平较高，水平较高，均具有较高的肝癌，男性性别，年龄，感染C型

但在HBeAg阴性患者病毒载量低的，发展肝癌的风险高出5倍，在患者与HBsAg水平超过每毫升1000个国际单位（IU /毫升）或更大），HBsAg水平较低的患者相比， 。

研究人员得出结论，结合低病毒载量和HBsAg水平低可能表明，HBeAg阴性的患者可能不需要治疗，HBsAg水平升高的患者相比，。

HBV感染母亲所生的婴儿是在美国免疫
据在儿科三月号发表的一份报告，收到一天出生在1990年和2008年间，从92％上升到近97％的免疫和乙肝抗体乙肝病毒感染的母亲在美国出生的婴儿数。

此外，谁开发B型肝炎的婴儿数目，尽管有这些预防努力，从2％下降到不到1％，到2008年。没有同一天接种，几乎所有的乙肝病毒感染的母亲所生的婴儿会发展成慢性B型肝炎

从全国范围来看，1至2万美国居民患有慢性乙型肝炎，美国疾病控制与预防中心估计超过40000成为感染了每一个通过体液接触到通过一年出生和性活动。

疾病预防控制中心的指导方针要求所有孕妇进行筛选，乙肝病毒感染，对病毒的免疫所有新生儿出生后12​​小时内，由一个额外的两个或三个疫苗在明年。

美国疾病控制与预防中心估计，从1994年到2008年，人数增加约19,000人被发现是乙肝病毒阳性的孕妇，收至26,000由于更好的检查工作。暴露的婴儿得到B型肝炎抗体和疫苗从92％上升到近97％的出生一天内乙肝病毒的数量。

疾病预防控制中心上的一面，是无法跟踪在其研究，找出婴儿的一半，如果他们开发的，尽管B型肝炎疫苗，谁收到所需的所有三个疫苗的婴儿数量下降期间在研究过程中，从86 ％至78％。

替比夫定削减母亲的婴儿乙肝传播至零
替比夫定（TYZEKA）母亲对孩子的感染在怀孕的第二或第三孕期乙肝病毒感染的妇女中，以减少病毒载量削减到零，根据一项研究涉及88名妇女有高病毒载量和ALT水平升高，发表在五月临床胃肠病学和肝病。

相反，谁不与抗病毒药物治疗的母亲所生新生儿感染的传输速率为9％，尽管疫苗预防B型肝炎抗体的管理，根据研究人员在西奈山医疗中心，在中国南京进行的研究。

结果支持与病毒载量高的孕妇使用抗病毒药物。这种治疗尚未得到美国食品和药物管理局的批准，但越来越多的临床试验表明，该方法是对母亲和婴儿的安全。

高病毒载量的88名妇女均接受抗病毒治疗（53选择，直到分娩后28个星期，每天处理600毫克替比夫定丸）或（35名妇女没有选择的抗病毒药物的选择，和他们成为控制组）。

52治疗的母亲（29％）13决定停止抗病毒治疗期间，分娩后的第一个月（母乳喂养），其余继续采取生完孩子后，直到在28周的研究结束。

正如所料，58％的替比夫定治疗组，并在研究结束时由92％归ALT水平，HBV DNA水平下降到检测不到的水平。

所有的婴儿在研究乙肝疫苗获得乙肝抗体，出生后6小时内完成所有三个乙肝疫苗注射疫苗时间表。

所有的婴儿在出生时，HBeAg阳性，并在替比夫定组和对照组中8个是HBsAg阳性。然而到了28周，所有的婴儿在替比夫定组为e抗原，乙肝表面抗原和HBV DNA检测结果呈阴性。

有这两项研究的婴儿或母亲的健康之间没有显着性差异，所有婴儿的正常发育。

在一个不相关的研究报道，在4月消化科的问题，研究人员建议，应规定，谁是高病毒载量与HBeAg阳性的妇女在怀孕的最后两个孕期抗病毒治疗。他们调查了583婴儿HBeAg阳性的母亲所生，1773出生HBeAg阴性母亲（病毒载量较低），所有的人接受三种剂量乙肝疫苗。

他们报道，9.26％的HBeAg阳性的母亲所生子女成为感染相比，HBeAg阴性母亲所生的孩子只有0.23％。

这些差异是如此之大，“采用不同的预防策略（包括抗病毒治疗病毒载量高的妇女）可以证明，”研究人员指出。

9病成医

StephenW 的中文水平大有提升!谢谢StephenW 的劳动!

StephenW

回复 9病成医 的帖子

谢谢。我的中文水平仍然是不好，当用简单的英语,谷歌翻译工作得更好. 因此，我们应该感谢Christine Kukka写容易理解的英语.

hunterpt

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