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大寫字母的使用 [复制链接]

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元帅勋章 功勋会员 小花 管理员或超版 荣誉之星 勤于助新 龙的传人 大财主勋章 白衣天使 旺旺勋章 心爱宝宝 携手同心 驴版 有声有色 东北版 美食大使 幸福四叶草 翡翠丝带 健康之翼 幸福风车 恭喜发财 人中之龙

1
发表于 2003-7-20 18:05

(上)

● 許多人寫英語文章時,對大寫字母的使用 (capitalization) ,感到有點「迷惑」。雖然咱們在文法裡也學過英文大寫字母的用法,但如能把重要的規則,複習一下,也許可加深記憶!  
(1) 每個句子的第一個字 (first word of a sentence) 以及寫信的地址,信中的開頭稱呼和結尾,都要大寫。例如:

How is everything with you today? (你今天一切都好嗎?)
25 Park Street, Silver Spring, Maryland.
寫信開頭稱呼:Dear Mr. Wang, Hello, Bob, Greetings, Mary,
信中結尾:Sincerely yours, Yours truly, Best wishes, With love, Respectfully yours, 等等。

(2) 表示特定的人、地或物的專有名詞 (names of a specific person, place or thing) 或是屬於專有名詞的一部分,都要大寫。例如:

Mr. Wang Dachung was born in China. (王大中先生在中國出生。)
Bob Smith sailed on the Queen Elizabeth for a trip to France. (Bob Smith 乘伊莉沙白郵輪到法國旅遊。)
其他如:

Yale School of Law (耶魯法學院)
Declaration of Independence (獨立宣言)
The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (美國防止虐待動物協會) 等等。
註:專有名詞中的冠詞、介詞、連接詞都不必大寫,除非是名字的開頭與結尾。 (如上句裡的 for, the, of, to) 但是指普通名詞時,則不必大寫。例如:

The two men sailed on a ship for a trip to some foreign countries. (兩位男子乘船到外國旅行。) (即句中的 men,ship,countries 都是普通名詞)

(3) 一星期七天,十二個月份,以及假日 (seven days of the week, 12 months and holidays) 都要大寫。例如:

The Chens came to see me on Father's Day. (父親節陳家來看我。)
He works on Saturdays and Sundays. (星期六和星期天他都要上班。)
His store closed during January and February. (元月和2月,他的商店不開。)
但是春夏秋冬四季,則不要大寫:例如:

Mr. A will stay in Florida next winter. (下個冬天 A 先生將住在佛州。)
The fall semester starts in September. (秋季班 9 月開始。)
In Maryland July and August are summer months. (在馬里蘭州7月和8月是夏天。)
註:地球 (earth) 、太陽 (sun) 、月亮 (moon) 也不要大寫。

(4) 學校的特指課程名稱以及各國的語文,都要大寫。例如:

Her daughter will take Math Ⅱ and Algebra Ⅲ this semester. (她女兒本學期選修數學Ⅱ和代數Ⅲ。)
All new students have to take History 101. (所有新生都要選修歷史 101。)
Did you study English literature and American history? (你讀過英國文學和美國歷史嗎?)
Many American students now take Chinese in the big universities. (在大的大學裡,許多美國學生選修中文。)
但是指一般性的課程或一般知識,則不必大寫。例如:

Many Chinese students are good at mathematics. (許多中國學生數學很棒。)
High school students are encouraged to take music and history. (鼓勵高中生選修音樂和歷史。)

(5) 地理上特有的名稱 (geographical names) ,諸如國家、州、省、城市、山脈、湖、河流、公園等都要大寫。例如:

Have your parents ever been to Africa? (你的父母去過非洲嗎?)
His dream trip would be a cruise across the Atlantic Ocean. (他的理想旅遊是坐郵輪橫渡大西洋。)
We have lived in Maryland for over 25 years. (我們住在馬里蘭州已超過25年。)
The company is located in the middle of Fifth Avenue. (公司坐落於第五大道的中間。)
其餘如:Asia, China, Lake Michigan (密西根湖) ,Black Sea (黑海) ,Rocky Mountains (洛磯山脈) ,Yellowstone National Park (黃石國家公園) 等等的特別名稱,還有東、南、西、北地區和位置 (region and location) 也要大寫。例如:

Living in the East I have never seen high mountains. (我住在東部,沒有見過高山。)
The North of China is experiencing a serious drought. (中國北部旱災嚴重。)
但是 east, west, north, south 只指方向 (direction) 時,則不必大寫。例如:

Drive south for one mile and you will see the building. (往南開一哩路,就可以看到樓房。)
Please turn north at the next corner. (請在下一角落,往北轉。)

(6) 社會上的職位或專業上的頭銜 (social and professional titles) 包括學位和得獎名稱 (award) ,都要大寫。例如:

Professor Lee,Ph.D.,is from Taiwan. (李教授博士,來自台灣。)
Dr. Anderson, M.D., is well-liked by his patients. (醫學博士安德生醫師,深受病患喜愛。)
President Bush, MBA from Harvard, was a business man. (哈佛大學企管碩士的布希總統,過去是位商人。)
His Reverend Smith and Father Jackson were both present at the meeting. (Smith 牧師和 Jackson 神父都參加開會。)
其他頭銜如:Sir, Mister, Miss, Madame (夫人) ,Congressman (國會議員) ,Senator (參議員) ,Governor (州長) ,Mayor (市長) ,Secretory of State (國務卿) ,Attorney (律師) ,Judge (法官) ,Bishop (主教) ,Sister (修女) ,Sergeant (士官) ,Corporal (下士) ,Lieutenant (中尉) 等等。

注意:如果不跟個人名字一同使用,或不是特指某人的頭銜時,則不必大寫。例如:

He is a professor at a university. (他是大學教授。)
The mayor of a large city has a tough job. (大城市的市長難為。)
The presidents of many companies attended the conference. (許多公司的董事長都來參加會議。)
(上面的 professor, mayor, presidents,都是指一般性的。)
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元帅勋章 功勋会员 小花 管理员或超版 荣誉之星 勤于助新 龙的传人 大财主勋章 白衣天使 旺旺勋章 心爱宝宝 携手同心 驴版 有声有色 东北版 美食大使 幸福四叶草 翡翠丝带 健康之翼 幸福风车 恭喜发财 人中之龙

2
发表于 2003-7-20 18:06
大寫字母的使用

(中)

(7)  書名、文章題目、報章雜誌中的主要字 (key words) ,都要大寫。還有短篇故事 (short story) ,詩 (poem) ,戲劇 (play) ,電影 (movie) ,歌曲 (song) ,繪畫 (painting) ,雕刻 (sculpture) 等名稱,也要大寫。例如:

Mr. Wang has authored a book entitled My Life in America. (王先生寫了一本書叫:「我的美國生活」。)
Did you read the latest issue of Time Magazine? (你看了最新一期的「時代雜誌」嗎?)
其他如:

The Sound of Music (歌名) ,Mona Lisa (蒙娜麗莎肖像畫名) ,Bird in Space (雕刻名稱) ,Popular Mechanics (雜誌名稱) ,Death of a Salesman (戲劇名稱) ,The Tale of Two Cities (雙城記) ,The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (湯姆歷險記) 等等。
註:文章題目裡的冠詞、介詞和連接詞都不必大寫。但不定詞的 to,通常要大寫。例如:Did you read Mr. Wang's article“Ways To Make Money”? (你讀過王先生大作「賺錢之道」嗎?) (「to make」是 infinitive)

(8)  談到神 (God or Deity) 或宗教與種族 (religion and race) 時,名詞及代名詞都要大寫。例如:

He said that God will take good care of his wife. (他說上帝會好好照顧他的太太)
We pray Lord's (或 God's) help and His blessings upon her. (我們祈求上帝幫助以及對她的祝福。)
(His blessing 是指上帝的祝福。)
Many people say that the Japanese are more aggressive than the Chinese. (許多人認為日本人比中國人更有侵略性。) (指 race)
其他如:

Roman Catholic (天主教) ,Baptist (浸信會教友) ,Christianity (基督教) ,Hinduism (印度教) 等。
但如果,god 及 goddess 是指古代的神話 (mythology) 人物時,則不必大寫。例如:

The gods of ancient Rome, the god Jupiter, the goddess Juno (女神朱諾,即主神Jupiter之妻)

(9)  學校,政府機關,政黨或公司 (schools,government bodies, political parties and companies) 是指專有名詞時,都要大寫。例如:

Stanford University has a well-known business school in the U. S. (史丹福大學的商學院很有名。)
She graduated from Parkside High School last year. (她去年自Parkside高中畢業。)
Are you a member of the Lions Club? (你是獅子會的成員嗎?)
其他如:

the Republican Party (共和黨) ,the Democratic Party, the Senate (參議會) ,the Congress (國會) ,Boy Scouts of America (美國男童軍) 等等。
但是學校、樓房、公司、機構等,當做普通名詞時,就不必大寫。例如:

His son will go to a junior high school this fall. (他兒子今秋上初中) (即七、八年級)
This organization was founded in 1995. (這機關是於 1995 年成立的)
(high school 和 organization 都是普通名詞)

(10)  特別的地方,諸如紀念碑 (monuments) 或有紀念性的建築物 (memorials&buildings) 或是引人注目的標記 (trademark) 以及歷史上的文件、事件或年代,都要大寫。例如:

Many tourists like to see the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. (許多觀光客都愛參觀華盛頓紀念塔和林肯紀念堂。)
The Empire State Building is located in New York City. (帝國大廈坐落在紐約市。)
其他諸如:

Revolutionary War (美國獨立戰爭) ,Middle Ages (中世紀) ,Constitution of the United States (美國憲法) ,World WarⅡ (二次世界大戰) ,Renaissance (文藝復興) 等。

(11)  國家和城市名字,當專有形容詞 (proper adjective) 時,也要大寫。例如:

There are many Chinese restaurants in our community. (我們社區有許多中國餐館。) (Chinese 形容 restaurant)
Mr. A knows some Italian language. (A 先生知道一些義大利文。) (Italian 形容 language)
The favorite Maryland dish seems to be the blue-leg crabs. (馬里蘭州好吃的菜也許是藍腳螃蟹。) (Maryland 形容 dish)
The mild California climate has attracted many young people. (加州溫暖的氣候,吸引許多年輕人。)
There were many World WarⅡ battles in China. (二次世界大戰的許多戰場是在中國。)
註:可見上面句子裡的普通名詞 dish, climate, battles 被前面專有名詞形容時,都不必大寫。

God Made Everything That Has Life. Rest Everything Is Made In China

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元帅勋章 功勋会员 小花 管理员或超版 荣誉之星 勤于助新 龙的传人 大财主勋章 白衣天使 旺旺勋章 心爱宝宝 携手同心 驴版 有声有色 东北版 美食大使 幸福四叶草 翡翠丝带 健康之翼 幸福风车 恭喜发财 人中之龙

3
发表于 2003-7-20 18:07
大寫字母的使用

(下)

(12)  第一人稱代名詞"I" 以及感嘆字 "O",不論在句子裡什麼地方出現,都必須大寫。例如:

I told her I will help her and I mean it. (我告訴她我會幫她,我是真心的。)
"Today, O my fellow Chinese, we should help and not hurt one another." he said. (他說:「中國的同胞啊,今天我們應該互相幫忙,不能彼此傷害!」)
Hear my prayer, O Lord. (主啊,聽我的禱告吧!)

(13)  直接引句 (direct quotation) ,也就是引用他人真正所說的話 (a person's exact words) ,那麼引句裡第一個字要大寫。例如:

He said, "Here is my project." (他說:「這是我的計畫。」)
The boss said, "All staff members must be here tomorrow morning by seven o'clock." (老闆說:「所有員工明早七點前要到這裡來」。)
Mr. A announced today: "Five employees will be laid off as of July 1, 2002." (A 先生今天宣布:「自 2002 年 7 月 1 日起,五位員工將被解雇。」)
Academic Dean issued this statement:"Foreign students are required to take an English test." (教務長發出通知:「外國學生要考英文。」)
假如 quotation 包括一個以上的句子,那麼每一句的第一個字都要大寫。例如:

"lease distribute these handbooks to everyone", explained the boss, "They show everything you have to know." (「請把這些手冊分給每個人,」老闆說,「這些手冊有你們應該知道的一切。」)
當一個 quotation 包括兩部分時,只要第一部份第一個字大寫即可。例如:

"Helping others", said my wife, "is the foundation of happiness." (我老婆說,「助人為快樂之本」。)


(14)  為了加強另一句話的語氣,在冒號 (colon) 後第一個字要大寫。例如:

Let's think of this:Student enrollment is now decreasing. (我們要想到這點:學生入學人數正在減少。)
Consider this: Our business has declined this year. (要考慮這個:我們的生意今年已在下降。)
不過,在冒號後的句子,只是為了解釋前句的意義時,那麼第一個字就不必大寫。例如:

The president of our university has given us two reasons: annual budget cut and faculty retrenchment. (大學校長給我們兩點理由:年度預算的緊縮以及教師的削減。)

(15)  家庭親屬關係的稱呼 (family relationship) ,如果放在某人的姓名前或直接稱呼時,那麼要大寫。例如:

We respect Uncle Chen's opinions. (我們尊重陳叔叔的意見) (uncle 放在 Chen 之前。)
Is Cousin Lin visiting us for the weekend? (林表兄週末來看我們嗎?) (cousin 放在 Lin 的前面)
(cousin 可指表兄弟,表姐妹,堂兄弟,堂姐妹。)
May I attend the dance party, Mother? (媽媽,我能參加舞會嗎?) (直接稱呼)
My problem, Dad, is that I am not interested in chemistry. (爸,我的問題是我不喜歡化學。) (直接稱呼)
I am sorry, Son, but you should not do that. (孩子,抱歉,你不能做那件事。) (直接稱呼)
How long must he stay in bed, Doctor? (醫師,他要在床上多久?)
但是 father,mother 前面有代名詞所有格時,則不必大寫。例如:

Your father wants you to be a physician. (你父親要你當醫生。) (代名詞所有格 your)
Her mother will be in charge of this department. (她媽媽將要負責本部門。) (代名詞所有格 her)

(16)  書籍、文章或戲劇的一部份,如果後面跟隨著縮寫或羅馬數字時,則要大寫。例如:

This set of the encyclopedia Volume V focuses on human relationship. (這部百科全書的第五卷,焦點集中在人際關係。)
I found Act Ⅲ, Scene Ⅱ, of the play quite interesting. (我發覺這戲劇裡第三幕第二場很有趣。)
According to Maryland Marriage Law, Article Ⅴ, Section 3, deals with divorce. (按照馬里蘭州婚姻法,第五條第三節是處理離婚案件。)
In this math book, we need to discuss Unit Ⅹ, Part 7. (在這數學書本裡,我們要談論第十單元第七部份。)
但是書的頁數、行數、段數、句子的數目等,則不必大寫。例如:

When you look at sentence 5, line 8, you will find a spelling mistake. (當你看到第五句第八行,你會找出一個拼字錯誤。)
(sentence 和 line 都不必大寫。)
Please turn to paragraph 3, page 25. (請翻到第三段,第25頁。)
(paragraph 和 page 都不必大寫)

Huai Sheng---World J]


God Made Everything That Has Life. Rest Everything Is Made In China

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4
发表于 2003-7-27 03:46

这么全

It's very kind of you:-)
Sweet Thames, run softly till I end my songs

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5
发表于 2003-8-7 23:35
thanks a  lot
动起来,更精彩
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