免疫机制新进展：Toll蛋白样受体的模式识别

benben00

这资料不错，就是对一般人来说，有点难以理解，最好大众一点

StephenW

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"江教授使用的靈芝多醣（PS-G）具有β（1→6）側鏈結構，而先前已證實其具有抗腫瘤和活化自
然殺手細胞的特性。" Can you cite references to these claims?你能举出参考文献?

"資料來源：媒體報導
http://www.doublecrane.com.tw/dcweb/mediareport/9502.htm" Readers should be aware that Doublecrane雙鶴公司 is a commercial company that sells 靈芝.读者应该知道，Doublecrane双鹤公司是一个商业公司，销售灵芝。

IC

StephenW 发表于 2010-11-22 11:15
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"江教授使用的靈芝多醣（PS-G）具有β（1→6）側鏈結構，而先前已證實其具有抗腫瘤和活化 ...

〔資料來源〕
Lin YL, Liang YC, Lee SS, Chiang BL.: Polysaccharide purified from Ganoderma lucidum
induced activation and maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by the
NF-{kappa}B and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.
J Leukoc Biol. 2005 May 13。

StephenW

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"證實其具有抗腫瘤" If you read the article cited, no proof is offered. My opinion only.
“证实其具有抗腫瘤”如果你读了这篇文章引用，没有提供证据证明。我的意见而已。

Polysaccharide purified from Ganoderma lucidum induced activation and maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by the NF-kappaB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.

Lin YL, Liang YC, Lee SS, Chiang BL.

Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.

AbstractGanoderma lucidum, a fungus native to China, has been widely used to promote health and longevity in the Chinese. The polysaccharide component with a branched (1-->6)-beta-D-glucan moiety of G. lucidum (PS-G) has been reported to exert anti-tumor activity and activation of natural killer cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of PS-G on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC). Treatment of DC with PS-G resulted in the enhanced cell-surface expression of CD80, CD86, CD83, CD40, CD54, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, as well as the enhanced production of interleukin (IL)-12p70, p40, and IL-10 and also IL-12p35, p40, and IL-10 mRNA expression, and the capacity for endocytosis was suppressed in DC. In addition, treatment of DC with PS-G resulted in enhanced T cell-stimulatory capacity and increased T cell secretion of interferon-gamma and IL-10. Neutralization with antibodies against Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 inhibited the PS-G-induced production of IL-12 p40 and IL-10, suggesting a vital role for TLR-4 in signaling DC upon incubation with PS-G. Further study showed that PS-G was able to augment inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB) kinase and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activity and also IkappaB alpha and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. Further, inhibition of NF-kappaB by helenalin and p38 MAPK by SB98059 prevented the effects of PS-G in the expression of CD80, CD86, CD83, CD40, CD54, and HLA-DR and production of IL-12p70, p40, and IL-10 in various degrees. Taken together, our data demonstrate that PS-G can effectively promote the activation and maturation of immature DC, suggesting that PS-G may possess a potential in regulating immune responses.

IC

StephenW 发表于 2010-11-22 13:07
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"證實其具有抗腫瘤" If you read the article cited, no proof is offered. My opinion on ...

www.jleukbio.org/content/78/2/533.fullABSTRACT
Ganoderma lucidum, a fungus native to China, has been widely used to promote health and longevity in the Chinese. The polysaccharide component with a branched (1→6)-ß-D-glucan moiety of G. lucidum (PS-G) has been reported to exert anti-tumor activity and activation of natural killer cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of PS-G on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC). Treatment of DC with PS-G resulted in the enhanced cell-surface expression of CD80, CD86, CD83, CD40, CD54, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, as well as the enhanced production of interleukin (IL)-12p70, p40, and IL-10 and also IL-12p35, p40, and IL-10 mRNA expression, and the capacity for endocytosis was suppressed in DC. In addition, treatment of DC with PS-G resulted in enhanced T cell-stimulatory capacity and increased T cell secretion of interferon-γ and IL-10. Neutralization with antibodies against Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 inhibited the PS-G-induced production of IL-12 p40 and IL-10, suggesting a vital role for TLR-4 in signaling DC upon incubation with PS-G. Further study showed that PS-G was able to augment inhibitor of κB (IκB) kinase and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity and also IκBα and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. Further, inhibition of NF-κB by helenalin and p38 MAPK by SB98059 prevented the effects of PS-G in the expression of CD80, CD86, CD83, CD40, CD54, and HLA-DR and production of IL-12p70, p40, and IL-10 in various degrees. Taken together, our data demonstrate that PS-G can effectively promote the activation and maturation of immature DC, suggesting that PS-G may possess a potential in regulating immune responses.

REFERENCES
1

• Miyazaki, T., Nishijima, M. (1981) Studies on fungal polysaccharides, XXVII. Structural examination of a water-soluble, anti-tumor polysaccharide of Ganoderma lucidumChem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo)29,3611-3616[Medline]
  

2

• Wang, S. Y., Hsu, M. L., Hsu, H. C., Tzeng, C. H., Lee, S. S., Shiao, M. S., Ho, C. K. (1997) The anti-tumor effect of Ganoderma lucidium is mediated by cytokines released from activated macrophages and T lymphocytes Int. J. Cancer70,699-705[CrossRef][Medline]
  

3

• Furusawa, E., Chou, S. C., Furusawa, S., Hirazami, A., Dang, Y. (1992) Anti-tumor activity of Ganoderma lucidum, an edible mushroom, on intraperitoneally implanted Lewis lung carcinoma in synergenic mice Phytother. Res.6,300-304[CrossRef]
  

4

• Lee, S. S., Wei, Y. H., Chen, C. F., Wang, S. Y., Chen, K. Y. (1995) Antitumor effects of Ganoderma lucidumJ. Chin. Med.6,1-12
  

5

• Won, S. J., Lee, S. S., Ke, Y. H., Lin, M. T. (1989) Enhancement of spenic NK cytotoxic activity by extracts of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium in mice J. Biomed. Lab. Sci.2,201-213
  

6

• Hsu, M. J., Lee, S. S., Lin, W. W. (2002) Polysaccharide purified from Ganoderma lucidum inhibits spontaneous and Fas-mediated apoptosis in human neutrophils through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway J. Leukoc. Biol.72,207-216[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  

7

• Banchereau, J., Steinman, R. M. (1998) Dendritic cells and the control of immunity Nature392,245-252[CrossRef][Medline]
  

8

• Cella, M., Sallusto, F., Lanzavecchia, A. (1997) Origin, maturation and antigen presenting function of dendritic cells Curr. Opin. Immunol.9,10-16[CrossRef][Medline]
  

9

• Cella, M., Pinet Engering, A., Pieters, J., Lanzavecchia, A. (1997) Inflammatory stimuli induce accumulation of MHC class II complexes on dendritic cells Nature388,782-787[CrossRef][Medline]
  

10

• Sallusto, F., Cella, M., Danieli, C., Lanzavecchia, A. (1995) Dendritic cells use macropinocytosis and the mannose receptor to concentrate macromolecules in the major histocompatibility complex class II compartment: downregulation by cytokines and bacterial products J. Exp. Med.182,389-400[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  

11

• Caux, C., Massacrier, C., Vanbervliet, B., Dubois, B., van Kooten, C., Durand, I., Banchereau, J. (1994) Activation of human dendritic cells through CD40 cross-linking J. Exp. Med.180,1263-1272[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  

12

• Jakob, T., Walker, P. S., Krieg, A. M., Udey, M. C., Vogel, J. C. (1998) Activation of cutaneous dendritic cells by CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides: a role for dendritic cells in the augmentation of Th1 responses by immunostimulatory DNA J. Immunol.161,3042-3049[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  

13

• Yoshimura, S., Bondeson, J., Foxwell, B. M., Brennan, F. M., Feldmann, M. (2001) Effective antigen presentation by dendritic cells is NF-κB dependent: coordinate regulation of MHC, co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines Int. Immunol.13,675-683[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  

14

• Ardeshna, K. M., Pizzey, A. R., Devereux, S., Khwaja, A. (2000) The PI3 kinase, p38 SAP kinase, and NF-κB signal transduction pathways are involved in the survival and maturation of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocyte-derived dendritic cells Blood96,1039-1046[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  

15

• Sallusto, F., Lanzavecchia, A. (1994) Efficent presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulation factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor αJ. Exp. Med.179,1109-1118[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  

StephenW

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Thank you for the list of references. All these articles are published before 2005. 樹突細胞（dendritic cells）are currently the subject of research. The latest article about 靈芝多醣 is still the one by in 2005:
感谢您的引用列表。所有这些文章发表在2005年之前。树突细胞（树突状细胞）是目前研究的课题。关于灵芝多糖最新的文章仍是一个 2005 年:

"Lin YL, Liang YC, Lee SS, Chiang BL.: Polysaccharide purified from Ganoderma lucidum
induced activation and maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by the
NF-{kappa}B and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.
J Leukoc Biol. 2005 May 13"

In this article, the authors stated:
Taken together, our data demonstrate that PS-G can effectively promote the activation and maturation of immature DC, suggesting that PS-G may possess a potential in regulating immune responses.
两者合计，我们的数据表明，因为PS - G能有效促进未成熟DC的活化和成熟，这建议PS - G可能具有调节免疫反应的潜力。
There is no mention of anti-tumor.没有提及抗肿瘤.

The use of the word "anti-tumor" in the titles of  3 of the references, does not constitute proof. You have to read the articles.“抗肿瘤”这个词在3的引用的标题，不构成证据.你要读文章.


"(PS-G) has been reported to exert anti-tumor activity"（聚苯乙烯- G）的报道具有抗肿瘤活性. 报道 is not proof.报道并不是证明。

IC

StephenW 发表于 2010-11-22 14:23
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Thank you for the list of references. All these articles are published before 2005.  ...

一篇发表于2005年的文章，能否引用2010年的资料？
ABSTRACT 中提及了

StephenW

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You are right. I did not know the references were from the article itself. Just because the word "anti-tumor" appears in the title, it does not constitute proof. You have to read the article.
你是正确的。我不知道引用是从文章本身。仅仅因为这个词“抗肿瘤”在
标题出现，它并不构成证据。你必须读过这篇文章。

"ABSTRACT 中提及了" 并不构成证据.

IC

StephenW 发表于 2010-11-22 15:04
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You are right. I did not know the references were from the article itself. Just beca ...

所以你要去看引文和共引文，若你想知道更多。

StephenW

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"所以你要去看引文和共引文，若你想知道更多。" Have you read all the articles?你阅读所有的文章？

All I know is that靈芝多醣has never been the subject of a clinical trial. 我所知道的是，灵芝多糖，从来不是一个临床研究的课题。