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科学家们可能刚刚发现乙肝的真正来源 - 在一个鱼 [复制链接]

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发表于 2015-9-30 09:43 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览 |打印
Scientists might have just discovered the true origin of Hepatitis B — in a fish

By Darryl Fears September 28


The big news two years ago was that the genes of the hepatitis B virus were discovered in the fossils of ancient birds. These birds — forebears of modern finches and robins, crows and a host of songbirds —lived around 82 million years ago, when dinosaurs walked the Earth.

So when a team of researchers recently stumbled upon a hepatitis B-like virus in a fish, it was a surprise. They double-checked the gene sequencing in  white sucker fish from the Great Lakes region. A match in an online database of gene sequences left little doubt. They had discovered hepatitis in a creature that predates birds.

Now the mystery surrounding the age of one of the most notorious viruses on the planet has deepened. What is the origin of a virus that kills more than half a million humans each year? What organism carried it first? How was it transmitted to birds? And when was it first transmitted to mammals and primates such as humans? Science isn't close to an answer on any of those questions.


The new research isn't much help. It's a scientific first, a beginning. West Virginia University doctoral student Cassidy Hahn and her team of fish biologists were studying the genes of white suckers rarely used for genetic work, so they were forced to double-check everything they found. "We were looking for a different virus," Hahn said. "We're scientists. We're skeptical. So we did some sequencing, checked it and said, 'We have something.' "

Except her voice at the time of the discovery wasn't as flat. What they uncovered seemed like a pretty big deal, since the hepatitis B virus, part of the big family of hepatitis that causes many kinds of illnesses, including cancer, had been found only in birds and mammals previously. The find had great potential for more research to track how the virus evolved, how immune systems developed to attack it, to possibly design more effective treatments.

“This new virus is similar, but also very different from hepatitis B-like viruses found in mammals and birds, and may be a new genus,” Hahn said. How the hepatitis B-like virus is transmitted between fish is not yet understood, she said, and it is unlikely to be communicable to humans.

Hepatitis-B virus infections "manifest in various ways," said a U.S. Geological Survey statement that announced the study. They attack the livers of mammals and multiply in their cells. Acute chronic liver diseases such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, bile duct cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma are associated with the virus. About 350 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B viruses.

"For decades, virologists have been looking for the origin of where this virus came from. If you know where it occurred, you can potentially see how it changed over time … they can work on those predictive models," said Luke R. Iwanowicz, a research biologist for the USGS in West Virginia who, along with Hahn, was an author on the research paper. It was published last week in the Journal of Virology.

Other authors include Vicki S. Blazer, Robert S. Cornman, Carla M. Conway and James R. Winton, all USGS researchers and biologists.



"After we did all the putting sequencing together ... and searched an online database ... all the parts of the virus were there," Iwanowicz said. "I’ve never had that experience before. It was pretty exciting to actually see that happen."

Iwanowicz said an excited Indiana University professor who hoped to start investigating the finding contacted him even before the paper was published. "I really found this work very interesting," said Haitao Guo, an associate professor of microbiology at the university. "I read it one week early on a Saturday night. I e-mailed Luke immediately and said, 'Come on, let’s do something.' "

Guo has studied hepatitis for more than a decade and still has a host of questions about how it came to be. He wants to track it using plasma and liver samples, and possibly create a clone, to determine how it replicates. "If it replicates better, it may replace [the hepatitis-B virus] to study some aspects of the hepadnavirus molecular biology.”

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发表于 2015-9-30 09:43 |只看该作者
科学家们可能刚刚发现乙肝的真正来源 - 在一个鱼

通过达里尔恐惧9月28日


最大的新闻,两年前是乙肝病毒的基因被发现在古鸟类化石。这些鸟 - 现代雀和知更鸟,乌鸦的祖先和许多鸣禽-lived约为82亿年前,当恐龙走地球。

所以,当一个研究小组最近偶然发现了一个B型肝炎样病毒的鱼,这是一个惊喜。他们从大湖区双重检查白胭脂鱼的基因测序。在基因序列的在线数据库中的比赛留下毫无疑问。他们发现了肝炎的动物,早鸟。

现在,围绕在这个星球上最臭名昭著的病毒之一的年龄之谜加深。是什么病毒杀死每年超过五十万人类的起源?什么机体首先进行的呢?它是如何传播到鸟?而当被它首先发送到哺乳动物和灵长类,例如人?科学是没有接近任何这些问题的答案。


这项新的研究是没有太大的帮助。这是一个科学的第一,一个开始。西弗吉尼亚大学的博士生卡西迪哈恩和她的鱼类生物学家团队是学习的白色吸盘很少用于遗传学研究的基因,所以他们被迫他们发现仔细检查一切。 “我们一直在寻找一个不同的病毒,”哈恩说。 “我们是科学家,我们是持怀疑态度的。所以,我们做了一些排序,检查它,并说,”我们有一些东西。“ “

除了她在被发现时的声音还没有那么平坦。他们发现似乎是一个相当大的交易,因为乙肝病毒,丙型肝炎,导致多种疾病,包括癌症的大家庭的一部分,已被发现,只有在鸟类和哺乳动物之前。这一发现具有很大的潜力进行更多的研究,以跟踪病毒如何进化的,系统是如何开发的免疫攻击它,可能设计出更有效的治疗。

“这种新的病毒相似,但也有很大不同的哺乳动物和鸟类发现乙肝病毒一样,而且可能是一个新属,”哈恩说。如何乙肝状病毒是鱼之间传输尚不了解,她说,这是不太可能通信到人类。

乙型肝炎病毒感染“表现以各种方式,”说,公布研究的美国地质调查局的语句。他们攻击哺乳动物的肝脏和繁殖他们的细胞。急性慢性肝病如肝纤维化,肝硬化,胆管癌和肝细胞癌都与病毒相关。约有3.5亿人为慢性感染乙型肝炎病毒。

“几十年来,病毒学家一直在寻找的,其中这种病毒来自原产地。如果你知道它在哪里发生,你可能会看到它是如何随着时间而改变......他们可以在这些预测模型的工作,说:”卢克R. Iwanowicz,一个生物学家在西弗吉尼亚州的美国地质勘探局谁,与哈恩,是在研究论文的作者。据上周发表在病毒学杂志。

其他作者包括赵薇S.西装外套,罗伯特·S·Cornman,卡拉M. Conway和詹姆斯·R·温顿,美国地质勘探局的所有研究人员和生物学家。



“之​​后,我们所做的一切将测序在一起......并搜查一个在线数据库...病毒的所有部分都在那里,”Iwanowicz说。 “我以前从来没有这种经验,这是非常令人兴奋真正看到这种情况发生。”

Iwanowicz说兴奋印第安纳大学教授,谁希望启动调查发现与他联系的论文发表之前。 “我真的发现这个工作很有意思,”海涛郭,微生物学在大学副教授说。 “我合一本周初读它在一个周六的晚上,我立即发电子邮件卢克说:”来吧,让我们做一些事情。“ “

郭曾研究肝炎超过了十年,仍然有许多问题,它是如何走过来的。他想用血浆和肝脏样本跟踪它,并有可能创造一个克隆,以确定它是如何复制。 “如果它复制更好,它可代替[所述乙型肝炎病毒],研究肝DNA病毒分子生物学的一些方面。”

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发表于 2015-9-30 10:20 |只看该作者
原来是被一只鸟害的这么惨啊!

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发表于 2015-9-30 14:08 |只看该作者
先有一条鱼带了病毒,然后一只鸟又吃了这鱼。。人又被鸟感染了。。。我去。。顶层食物链的中的悲哀。。

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发表于 2015-9-30 16:41 |只看该作者

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发表于 2015-10-1 02:45 |只看该作者
好,现在很多在用斑马鱼模型。
欢迎收看肝胆卫士大型生活服务类节目《乙肝勿扰》,我们的目标是:普度众友,收获幸福。
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发表于 2015-10-1 20:42 |只看该作者

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发表于 2015-10-2 22:33 |只看该作者
悬乎!

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版主勋章 才高八斗

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发表于 2015-10-7 03:28 |只看该作者
太神了
J Virol. 2015 Sep 16. pii: JVI.01278-15. [Epub ahead of print]
Characterization of a Novel Hepadnavirus in the White Sucker (Catostomus commersonii) from the Great Lakes Region of the USA.
Hahn CM1, Iwanowicz LR2, Cornman RS3, Conway CM4, Winton JR4, Blazer VS3.
Author information
Abstract
The white sucker Catostomus commersonii is a freshwater teleost often utilized as a resident sentinel. Here, we sequenced the full genome of a hepatitis B-like virus that infects white suckers from the Great Lakes Region of the USA. Dideoxysequencing confirmed the white sucker hepatitis B virus (WSHBV) has a circular genome (3542 bp) with the prototypical codon organization of hepadnaviruses. Electron microscopy demonstrated that complete virions of approximately 40 nm were present in the plasma of infected fish. Compared to avi- and orthohepadnaviruses, sequence conservation of the core, polymerase and surface proteins was low and ranged from 16-27% at the amino acid level. An X protein homologue common to the orthohepadnaviruses was not present. The WSHBV genome included an atypical, presumptively non-coding region absent in previously described hepadnaviruses. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed WSHBV as distinct from previously documented hepadnaviruses. The level of divergence in protein sequences between WSHBV other hepadnaviruses, and the identification of an HBV-like sequence in an African cichlid provide evidence that a novel genus of the family Hepadnaviridae may need to be established that includes these hepatitis B-like viruses in fishes. Viral transcription was observed in 9.5% (16 of 169) of white suckers evaluated. The prevalence of hepatic tumors in these fish was 4.9%, of which only 2.4% were positive for both virus and hepatic tumors. These results are not sufficient to draw inferences regarding the association of WSHBV and carcinogenesis in white sucker.

IMPORTANCE:
We report the first full length genome of a hepadnavirus from fishes. Phylogenetic analysis of this genome indicates divergence from those of previously described hepadnaviruses from mammalian and avian hosts and supports the creation of a novel genus. The discovery of this novel virus may better our understanding of the evolutionary history of hepatitis B-like viruses of other hosts. In fishes, knowledge of this virus may provide insight regarding possible risk factors associated with hepatic neoplasia in the white sucker. This may also offer another model system for mechanistic research.

Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
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发表于 2015-10-7 03:28 |只看该作者
论坛里面忽悠不少,不能简单听信别人,关系自己健康,多了解一些乙肝治疗常识是有必要的(乙肝治疗指南+骆抗先博客)
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