| 乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
(横断面/cross-section) |
|
|
|
| 美国乙型肝炎传播统计Hepatitis B transmission
in the U.S. | 易传染接触的形式
Form of infectious contact | 
| 基于1992-1993年病例统计。资料来源：美国疾病控制中心
Based on cases 1992 - 1993. Source: CDC, USA |
|
|
|
|
| 1. 它是什么？
肝炎(自希腊语：hepatos，肝)是肝脏的发炎，在本例中，由乙型肝炎病毒 (Hepatitis B Virus，简称HBV)所引起。肝炎能够引起短期症状（急性肝炎），在一些病例，它引起慢性症状（慢性肝炎）。乙型肝炎的英文字母“B”，代表“血液（Blood）”，它可以被追溯到医生第一次认识肝炎的时候，那时人们认识到这种病毒是通过输血传播的。然而，今天看来，血液途径的传播危险是微乎其微了，因为所有的血液捐赠者都做了筛选。同时，我们知道血液并不是唯一传播这种特殊病毒的媒介，导致肝炎的其他病毒也可能存在于血液里。 2. 它由什么所引起？
乙型肝炎由乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B Virus，HBV)所引起。该病毒比HIV更具有传染性。可是，一般说来，它引起的损害要轻许多，因为许多感染者没有症状。确实感染了该病毒的人常常只有暂时的症状，不久又恢复如常。某些病人变成慢性肝炎，而且他们中少数人的症状可能演变得非常严重。 3. 它如何传播？
乙型肝炎通过诸如血液、精液和阴道分泌物的体液传播。在唾液、泪液和母乳里也已经发现了这种病毒。甚至皮肤上一个非常细微的割伤或擦伤也为病毒进入体内提供了可能。性接触是病毒显然的传播途径，其他的传播途径是静脉毒品注射者之间共用注射针头。还有另一个途径是用污染的器械文身和身体穿刺。甚至与人共用污染的剃须刀也能导致感染。与感染的家庭成员一起生活冒有一定的风险，因为这种病毒在体外能够存活数天。医生和护士由含有污染血液的针头刺伤能够被感染。已感染的母亲在分娩期间或分娩后短暂的时间里也能够将病毒传染给宝宝。 |
Hepatitis B I (HBV) 1. What is it?
Hepatitis (from gr. hepatos: liver) is an inflammation of the liver caused, in this case, by the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). It can create short-term problems (acute hepatitis) and, in some cases, a chronic condition (chronic hepatitis). The “B” in its name stands for “Blood” and dates back to the time when doctors first realized that the virus was transmitted through blood transfusions. However, today this danger is very remote in modern societies, because all blood donations are screened. In the meantime, we know that blood is not the only vehicle to transmit this particular virus, and that other viruses causing hepatitis can also be present in blood. 2. What causes it?
The disease is caused by the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). It is much more contagious than the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). However, generally speaking, it causes much less damage, because many infected people have no symptoms. Those that do get sick often have only temporary symptoms and soon feel well again. In some patients the disease becomes chronic, and a minority of these may develop very serious health problems. 3. How is it transmitted?
Hepatitis B is transmitted through body fluids like blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. The virus has also been found in saliva, tears, and mother’s milk. Even a very small cut or abrasion in the skin can make it possible for the virus to enter the body. Sexual contact is one obvious way of transmission, another is the sharing of needles among intravenous drug users. Still another is tattooing and piercing with an infected instrument. Even shaving with an infected razor blade can lead to infection. Living with a household member who is infected carries a risk, because the virus can survive outside the body for a few days. Doctors and nurses can get infected by accidentally sticking themselves with a needle containing infected blood. An infected mother can also transmit the virus to her baby during or shortly after birth. |
发表于 2007-5-20 21:37
