部分乙肝专门术语解释(中/英文)

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******************************************************** 部分乙肝专门术语解释 急性病變: 個體先天生理或醫學方面的急速變化 急性 B 型肝炎: 初期感染B型肝炎病毒（HBV）所引起的疾病 蛋白質: 血液中由肝臟產生的蛋白質，可作為肝功能的指標 丙氨酸轉氨酵素: 由受損的肝細胞所釋放出來的酵素，可作為肝細胞受損程度之指標 鹼性磷酸酵素: 由肝臟和其它組織釋放到血液中的一種酵素，可作為膽或肝受損程度之指標 抗體: 由免疫系統釋放的蛋白質複合體，通常有結合目標，會將外來的抗原加以中和 抗原: 會引發抗體產生的一種物質，通常是由受感染的生物體或毒素所衍生而出的蛋白質 抗-HBc 抗體: 對抗B型肝炎核心抗原（HBcAg）的抗體 抗-HBe 抗體: 對抗B型肝炎e抗原（HBeAg）的抗體 抗-HBs 抗體: 對抗B型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）的抗體 腹水: 腹部產生過多的液體 天門冬氨酸轉氨酵素: 由受損的肝細胞和肌肉細胞釋放出來的一種酵素，可作為肝細胞或肌肉細胞受損程度之指標 膽: 指膽汁、輸膽管或膽囊 膽紅素: 紅血球的殘骸，通常是由肝臟加以清除，但可能會在肝臟中累積，造成黃疸 活體檢驗: 取出細小的組織檢體進行實驗分析 慢性B型肝炎病毒 (HBV) 帶原者: 檢驗顯示受慢性B型肝炎病毒感染者 慢性B型肝炎: 長期受B型肝炎病毒 (HBV) 感染，在至少每6個月診斷一次的血清中，HBsAg含量的血液檢驗皆呈陽性反應者 肝硬化: 肝臟產生瘤狀物和擴散性纖維化，失去肝臟正常的構造。通常是慢性B型肝炎的併發症或由其他肝臟疾病所引起的 去氧核糖核酸（DNA）: 除了一些病毒外，DNA是所有生物中形成基因體的去氧核甘酸聚合物 代償機能減退: 肝臟失去正常的功能，代表嚴重的急性疾病或是更進一步的慢性疾病 地方性疾病: 意指發生於某一特定族群，不會造成高度急性病症或高致死率的疾病 （肝細胞）纖維病變: 肝臟內纖維組織的生長所造成，通常發生於肝細胞壞死的區域（肝細胞受損或受創） 猛爆性B型肝炎: 突發性的肝功能嚴重損傷，通常是因為急性B型肝炎病毒感染所導致，且具有高致死率 肝: 指肝臟 肝病毒: B 型肝炎病毒的系列病毒家族，包括 B 型肝炎病毒及數種同類病毒，它們會感染不同的動物物種 肝炎: 肝臟疾病 B型肝炎核心抗原(HBcAg): 形成病毒粒子骨架的病毒蛋白質 B型肝炎e抗原(HBeAg): 存在肝臟和血液中但不存在病毒體中的病毒蛋白質；是病毒複製作用的指標，構造與 HBcAg有關 B型肝炎表面抗原 (HBsAg): 發現於病毒體中的病毒蛋白質，並且可在血液中自由循環；可作為持續感染的指標 B型肝炎病毒 (HBV): 引起B型肝炎的病毒 肝炎病毒: 造成肝炎的病毒，已知有6種型態：A、B、C、D、E 和 G型 肝細胞癌 (HCC): 原發性肝癌 肝細胞壞死: 肝細胞死亡 肝細胞: 肝細胞；B型肝炎病毒感染的首要寄主 HIV: 人類後天免疫不全病毒 發炎: 發炎細胞和細胞激素滲入組織中，以對抗感染原或刺激物 黃疸: 皮膚、眼睛和黏膜部位變黃，是由組織中膽紅素推積所引起的 肝功能測試 (LFT) 對血液檢體進行許多生化檢驗以評估肝臟的功能 壞死: 細胞死亡 核甘酸: DNA的天然組成物；又稱磷酸核甘 正向肝臟器官移殖 (OLT): 利用一般的連接法在正常位置上，以健康的肝臟取代有病的肝臟 聚合酵素連鎖反應 (PCR): 一種高敏感性分析技術，亦即多次增加目標核酸以提高偵測力 肝門靜脈高血壓: 肝臟門靜脈系統血壓過高，通常是由於肝臟纖維化或肝硬化所造成的阻塞 肝門靜脈發炎: 發炎細胞滲入肝門靜脈周圍所引起的 肝門靜脈: 一種靜脈血管系統，它可將靜脈血液從脾臟、膽囊、胰臟和下消化道傳遞給肝臟 抵抗力: 經由突變，讓原本敏感的微生物對抗感染物質失去反應 輪狀病毒: 含RNA基因體的一種病毒，在其複製的循環中會經由反轉錄酵素產生一種 DNA中間物；HIV即為一種輪狀病毒 病毒血症: 血液中出現病毒 病毒性肝炎: 由病毒感染所引起的肝炎 病毒的複製: 產生病毒的過程 病毒體: 感染性病毒粒子；包含病毒和寄主的蛋白質以及病毒基因體（RNA或DNA） 病毒指標: 感染性病毒的分子指標，不同於顯示病患臨床狀況的疾病指標 病毒: 極微小的感染物，包含一個核酸基因體以及一個或更多個病毒蛋白質s ******************************************************** 附: 肝炎的历史 什麼是肝炎？ 肝炎的定義就是肝發炎。整體來說，病毒感染是肝炎最常見的原因，不過自體免疫疾病和暴露於某些藥物或化合物（如酒精）也會造成肝炎。這些最後都可能導致急性和慢性的肝臟疾病。 什麼是B型肝炎？ B型肝炎是由B型肝炎病毒引起的感染疾病，它是世界上最常見的感染疾病之一。事實上，世界衛生組織將B型肝炎列為全世界第 9 大致死原因。每年有一百萬人死於B型肝炎及其併發症。 B型肝炎是發現於何時？ B型肝炎病毒存在的證據最早發現於1965年，要確實找到B型肝炎病毒需要高感度的偵測技術。自其首次被發現以來，從病患血液樣本中來偵測B型肝炎的檢驗已成為許多國家的例行檢查。目前血庫的供給便是用此檢驗篩選，藉此消除病患因輸血而感染B型肝炎的機會。 鑑定出病毒並精確瞭解其構造的好處，是讓科學家能發展出安全有效的治療和疫苗。許多國家已能取得疫苗，因此如今要消滅全世界的B型肝炎是很有可能的了。同時，目前研究B型肝炎的科學家仍以尋找更有效的B型肝炎治療方法為第一優先。 B型肝炎來自何處？ B型肝炎的發源至今未明，不過在人體內發現的病毒與在其他幾種物種體內發現的類似病毒有密切的關連，包括東方土撥鼠 (Eastern woodchuck) B型肝炎病毒、櫸木花栗鼠 (Beechy ground squirrel) B型肝炎病毒和北京鴨 (Beijing duck) B型肝炎病毒。這些病毒全都只會感染某些特定種類的動物，鎖定的首要感染部位都是肝臟，而且這些病毒都有造成持續感染的能力。 ******************************************************** 参考: Glaxo Wellcome (生产贺普丁) 公司网站 [ 此消息由 liver411 在 2002-02-19.15:28:15 编辑过 ]

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上文英文版: Terminology Acute: A rapid change in the pre-existing physical or medical condition of an individual Acute hepatitis B: Disease that occurs due to initial HBV infection Albumin: Blood protein synthesised in liver; used as a marker for liver function Alanine transaminase (ALT): Enzyme released by damaged liver cells, or hepatocytes; used as marker for liver cell damage Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): Enzyme released into blood by liver and other tissues; used as marker for biliary or hepatocyte damage Antibody: Protein complex released by the immune system, usually for the purpose of binding to and neutralising a foreign antigen Antigen: A substance, usually a protein derived from an infectious organism or toxin, that triggers production of antibodies Anti-HBc: Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) Anti-HBe: Antibody to hepatitis Be-antigen (HBeAg) Anti-HBs: Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) Ascites: Excess fluid build-up in the abdomen Aspartate transaminase (AST): Enzyme released by damaged hepatocytes and muscle cells; used as marker for liver or muscle cell damage Biliary: Pertaining to bile, the bile ducts or gall bladder Bilirubin: Break-down product of haemoglobin normally cleared by liver; may accumulate in liver disease, causing jaundice Biopsy: Removal of small tissue sample for laboratory analysis Chronic HBV carrier: Individual with markers indicating chronic HBV infection Chronic hepatitis B: Long-lasting HBV infection, diagnosed by positive tests for serum HBsAg at least 6 months apart Cirrhosis: Widespread fibrosis and nodule formation within the liver; loss of normal liver structure. Complication of chronic hepatitis B and some other causes of liver disease Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): Polymer of deoxyribonucleotides that forms genetic material (genome) of all living organisms except some viruses Decompensation: Loss of the liver's ability to function normally; indicates severe acute disease or advanced chronic disease Endemic: Pertains to a disease which persists within a population without causing high levels of acute morbidity or mortality Fibrosis (hepatic): Growth of fibrous tissue within the liver, usually in regions of hepatocellular necrosis (liver cell damage or destruction) Fulminant hepatitis B Sudden, severe impairment of hepatic function, usually due to acute HBV infection; associated with high mortality rate Hepatic: Pertaining to the liver Hepadnavirus: Family of viruses that includes HBV and several homologues and which infect various animal species Hepatitis: Disease of the liver Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg): Viral protein that forms structural framework of virus particle Hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg): Viral protein found in liver and in blood, but not in virions; marker of viral replication; structurally related to HBcAg Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg): Viral protein found in virions and circulating free in blood; used as marker of ongoing infection Hepatitis B virus (HBV): The causative agent of hepatitis B Hepatitis virus: One of six types of viruses, designated A, B, C, D, E, and G, which are known to cause hepatitis Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): Primary liver cancer Hepatocellular necrosis: Death of liver cells Hepatocyte: Liver cell; the primary host for HBV infection HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus Inflammation: Infiltration of inflammatory cells and cytokines into a tissue in response to infectious agents or irritants Jaundice: Having a yellow cast in the skin, eyes or mucous membranes due to a build-up of bilirubin in the tissues Liver Function Test (LFT): One of several biochemical tests performed upon blood samples to assess liver function Necrosis: Cell death Nucleotide: A natural building block of DNA; phosphorylated nucleoside Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT): Replacement of a diseased liver with a healthy one in the normal position with normal connections Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Highly sensitive assay technique that involves many-fold amplification of a target nucleic acid to increase detectability Portal hypertension: Excessive blood pressure within the portal venous system of the liver, often due to intra-hepatic blockages associated with fibrosis or cirrhosis Portal inflammation: Infiltration of inflammatory cells, in the region surrounding portal vessels of the liver Portal veins: System of blood vessels carrying venous blood from the spleen, gall bladder, pancreas and lower alimentary tract to the liver Resistance: Loss, through mutation, of responsiveness to anti-infective agents by previously sensitive microorganisms Retrovirus: A virus with an RNA genome that involves synthesis of a DNA intermediate through reverse transcription (DNA-dependent DNA synthesis) in its replication cycle; HIV is a retrovirus Viraemia: Presence of virus in the blood Viral hepatitis: Hepatitis caused by a viral infection Viral replication: The process by which viruses reproduce Virion: Infectious virus particle; contains viral and host proteins and viral genome (RNA or DNA) Virological marker: Molecular marker of infecting virus, as distinct from disease markers which indicate clinical status of patient Virus: Sub-microscopic infectious agent containing a nucleic acid genome and one or more virus-encoded proteins ******************************************************** FYI: What is hepatitis? Hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver. Globally, viral infection is the most common cause of hepatitis, although autoimmune disease and exposure to certain drugs or chemicals such as alcohol can all lead to hepatitis. Ultimately this can result in acute and chronic liver disease. What is hepatitis B? Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus. It is one of the most common infectious diseases in the world. In fact, The World Health Organisation ranks hepatitis B as the ninth leading cause of death worldwide, with 1 million deaths annually due to hepatitis B and its consequences. When was hepatitis B discovered? Evidence of the existence of the hepatitis B virus was first detected in 1965. Highly sensitive detection technology is required to actually find the hepatitis B virus and since its initial discovery the tests used to detect hepatitis B in patient blood samples have become routine in many countries. This now allows blood bank supplies to be screened, helping to eliminate the risk of patients becoming infected from blood transfusions. Identification of the virus, and a close understanding of its structure has had the benefit of allowing scientists to develop safe and effective treatments and vaccines. With the availabilty of vaccines in many countries, there is now the potential to eliminate hepatitis B worldwide. Meanwhile, the search for more effective treatments of hepatitis B currently remains a priority for scientists researching hepatitis B. Where does hepatitis B come from? The origin of hepatitis B is unclear, although the virus which is found in humans is closely related to similar viruses found in several other species. These include the Eastern woodchuck hepatitis B virus, the Beechy ground squirrel hepatitis B virus, and the Beijing duck hepatitis B virus. These viruses all have a very limited range of animals they can infect. They all target the liver as the primary site of infection. Importantly, they have the ability to cause persistent infection.