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发表于 2001-11-30 01:11
Chicago Tribune
芝加哥论坛报
`Cures' spreading diseases in China
`治愈`在中国传播疾病
Author: Elisabeth Rosenthal, New York Times News Service.
作者: 伊丽莎白 罗斯造, 纽约时报
Edition: North Sports Final
Section: News
Page: 4
Dateline: LUOPING, China, Summer 2001
时间地点: 楼平, 中国, 2001年夏
Index Terms:
CHINA
HEALTH
DISEASE
MEDICINE
Estimated printed pages:
4
Article Text:
A worried Dou Zhe rushed into Dr. Wang Yujia's storefront clinic carrying a precious bundle. "He's sick," announced Dou, unwrapping layers of colorful blankets from his 2-year-old son, a chubby, listless boy.
焦虑的读哲(译音)抱着一个珍贵的被卷冲进了王愈加(译音)医生临街的诊所. “他病了.” 读哲一边打开一层层裹着他两岁大胖儿子的花毯子, 一边说道.
Wang, a kindly weathered man in a long white coat, determined that the boy had a red throat and a fever of 102. He had a cold, one that would almost certainly pass on its own in a few days.
穿着白大衣, 王医生看上去是一副饱经风霜的样子. 他很快诊断男孩发烧102度(华氏)而且嗓子红肿. 任何人都知道男孩子是感冒了, 过几天自己就会好.
Nonetheless, Wang drew up what has become an all-too-common rural Chinese cure--a syringe filled with four different medicines--and plunged the needle filled with yellow goo into the screaming boy's behind.
可是, 王医生抽了满满的一针管-中国常见到的民间治疗方法-四种不同的药. 只见到一支滴着黄水的针头一下就插进了尖叫中男孩的屁股.
"We always come to see him, because he's a good doctor," Dou, a construction worker, said with a note of satisfaction. "My boy's had lots of shots."
"我们总是来找王医生, 他是好医生," 读哲, 一名建筑工人用满意的口气说道. “我儿子在这儿打过许多针了.”
China's love affair with injections and infusions is becoming a medical nightmare, spreading illness rather than curing it, experts say.
但是专家说, 中国热衷于注射和输液治疗已经演变成了医疗上的恶梦. 造成疾病传播的病例比治愈还多.
In large part because syringes and needles are often inadequately sterilized in rural China, experts say medical injections are responsible for China's surging rates of blood-borne infections including hepatitis and, to a lesser extent, AIDS.
专家说在乡下大部分的注射用具, 针头没有有效地消毒. 不干净的注射造成乙肝, 艾滋病传染, 发病率的暴涨.
The scourge of injections
注射的灾难
Today, 60 percent of Chinese have had hepatitis B, compared with just 1 percent in the United States and Japan. Some 150 million Chinese have the chronic variety of the infection, which over time causes liver failure and liver cancer--the leading cause of cancer deaths in China.
今天, 百分之六十的中国人曾感染过乙肝, 相比之下美国和日本只有百分之一. 一亿五千万患有慢性乙肝, 长期下来造成肝脏衰竭, 肝癌. 肝癌现在是中国的首要致命肿瘤.
"To a large extent the very high rate of hepatitis B has to do with unsafe injections and excessive injection for common illness during childhood," the UN Common Country Assessment for China said in 1999.
联合国共同国家评估小组指出, “大部分乙肝和儿童时过量注射及不安全注射有关.”
The problem of unnecessary shots is particularly severe in rural areas, where doctors often have little formal medical training and receive extra income for each injection they give, and where patients and doctors alike see shots as a sign of progress.
特别是在乡下, 滥用注射泛滥至极. 在那里医生没有受过正统训练. 每打一针都可以给他们增加额外的收入. 医生和病人都认为打针好的快.
Wang, for example, is not really a physician, but a former farmer who learned his basics when he was appointed a "barefoot doctor" in the 1960s. In all, he has received just two years of medical training, and that in the mid-1980s, when Western medicines were not available in the countryside.
以王医生为例, 他实际上并不是专科医生. 他以前是务农的, 在六十年代的 “赤脚医生” 运动中学的医, 从头到尾仅接受了两年的训练. 那时西方医学还没怎么在乡村实施.
So when a child arrives with a cold, the doctor draws up an injection composed of two antibiotics that are unnecessary and will promote resistance, an antiviral drug that has no use against the common cold, and a powerful steroid that will only make his immune system less able to fight infection.
当一名患有感冒的儿童就诊时, 医生用四种不同的药-两种对病毒无效, 只能造成将来抗药的抗生素; 一种对感冒病毒毫无作用的抗病毒药; 还有一针只会消弱免疫系统的类固醇激素-给他打下去.
A 2000 survey of medical care in 40 rural counties conducted by UNICEF and China's Health Ministry found that 47 percent to 65 percent of children had received injections as treatment for their last cold.
2000年中国卫生部和联合国对40个偏远乡郡的医疗系统一项普查显示47%-65%的儿童在最后一次感冒时接受过注射治疗.
While it is extremely rare for children in the United States to get shots aside from immunizations, many Chinese children get more than half a dozen a year.
美国的儿童除去在接种疫苗时才会接受打针, 相比之下中国的儿童每年要打半打多针.
But far more important than the immediate side effects of these freewheeling injections is the risk of acquiring devastating disease, because, as in much of the developing world, rural Chinese doctors try to cut costs by reusing potentially contaminated equipment.
但是比打无用针更可怕的是注射时感染其它疾病, 因为许多医生为了省钱再用使用过的针头器械.
While there is no evidence that this 2-year-old suffered lasting harm from his shot, in one 1999 study Chinese researchers found that 88 percent of injections in a large rural county were unsafe, most often because doctors reused needles and syringes after inadequate or no cleaning.
虽然没有证据显示这名两岁的男孩感染了其它疾病, 但是在1999年中国研究人员的一项普查时, 一个乡郡的88%注射程序都不安全. 医生再用针头, 针管没有消毒.
The Health Ministry has encouraged clinics to switch to disposable needles and syringes, but even those are sometimes reused, or cleaned and repackaged in a large underground market, according to medical experts here and reports in the Chinese media.
根据中国卫生专家在媒体中报道, 卫生部号召实行一次性注射器, 但是黑市还是把一次性注射器, 针头清洗, 再包装, 卖出再用.
A problem cloaked in secrecy
被隐藏在恐怖中的问题
Such practices have probably also contributed to China's emerging AIDS problem, though scientists believe that HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, spreads less efficiently than hepatitis by this route. Statistics on the spread of HIV in rural areas previously have been shrouded by official secrecy, and many victims do not even know that they are infected.
注射滥用也是造成中国艾滋病泛滥的原因之一. 虽然科学家认为HIV比肝炎难以此途径传染, 但是恐怖的是许多人感染了艾滋病还不知道, 加上政府掩盖.
"We already know many people have been getting hepatitis from shots," said one health expert who has worked in China. "And that worries me a lot about the spread of AIDS."
”我们知道很多人因为滥用注射染上肝炎.” 一名曾在中国工作过的卫生专家说. “让我更担心的是艾滋病的传播.”
Although there is now a hepatitis B vaccine that is widely used in the United States, it is expensive and not included in the Chinese government's free vaccination programs, so the majority of poor rural children do not get it.
虽然现在美国已广泛普及乙肝疫苗(12岁前必须打,否则不能入学), 但是因为疫苗比较贵中国政府没有把它列入免费的疫苗项目中. 所以贫远乡下的大众子女不能接种. (没有弄清楚到底怎样省钱)
Government officials have acknowledged the problem of unsafe injections and have repeatedly tried to ensure proper use of sterile medical equipment and better regulation of its manufacturing and disposal. But it has been difficult to stop.
政府虽然承认知道不安全注射问题的存在, 也强调加强生产, 使用注射用具的法案, 但是很难制止住问题的蔓延. (是借口, 别的事情怎么可以制止住?)
"Unfortunately, rural doctors often rely on medicines and shots for income, and the farmers think they need an IV to be cured," said Zhu Ling, an economist at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences who studies health care. Even rudimentary clinics in r |
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