美国国家卫生研究院(虽然是美国科研单位, 除去国会播放大量基金研究流行疾病外, 仍然有很多私人机构捐赠给它,而且沿用人员全球族裔都有, 服务对象不仅仅是美国国内.主要是国际上难治疗的疾病, 比如艾滋病, 乙肝, 丙肝, SARS, 出血热等. NIH在很多疾病方骄骄领先. NIH和南加大NORRIS癌症中心昨天在全美各大电视台播放他们新发现的17种新的致癌物质(美国卫生部规定每两年需要更新并公布于众,任何制造商如果产品中有相同物质则需要在商品上注明), 比如烤肉, 烧鸡, 煎蛋...(油煎烧烤焦胡的)...重要的是第一次官方文件将病毒列为致癌物质, 特别强调了HBV, HCV 和HPVC(通过性交传染的一种病毒会造成宫茎癌). 这个从来没有提到的问题将会推动乙肝, 丙肝研究; 播放资金, 设立项目的机会也会增多, 这对于全球乙肝患者是个好事情.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH)
NIH News
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Monday, January 31, 2005
CONTACT:
John Peterson
919-541-7860
[email protected]
[B]LIST OF CANCER-CAUSING AGENTS GROWS[/B]
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. - The Department of Health and
Human Services released its Eleventh Edition of the Report
on Carcinogens today, adding seventeen substances to the
growing list of cancer-causing agents, bringing the total
to 246. For the first time ever, viruses are listed in the
report: hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and some
human papillomaviruses that cause common sexually
transmitted diseases. Other new listings include lead and
lead compounds, X-rays, compounds found in grilled meats,
and a host of substances used in textile dyes, paints and
inks.
"Among U.S. residents, 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will
develop cancer at some point in their lifetimes. Research
shows that environmental factors trigger diseases like
cancer, especially when someone has a family history," said
Kenneth Olden, Ph.D., director of the National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences and the National Toxicology
Program, which prepared the report for HHS.
The Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition, referred to as
the "RoC," lists cancer-causing agents in two categories -
"known to be human carcinogens" and "reasonably anticipated
to be human carcinogens." The report now contains 58
"known" and 188 "reasonably anticipated" listings. Federal
law requires the Secretary of the Department of Health and
Human Services to publish the report every two years.
Six substances have been added to the "known" category:
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are
viruses that cause acute or chronic liver disease. They are
listed in the report as "known human carcinogens" because
studies in humans show that chronic hepatitis B and
hepatitis C infections cause liver cancer. Approximately
one million United States residents are chronically
infected with HBV, which primarily is transmitted through
sexual contact (50%) and intravenous drug use (15%).
HCV is the leading cause of liver disease in the United
States with more than three million people infected. The
major risk factor for hepatitis C infection is illegal
intravenous drug use, which accounts for 60 percent of
acute infections in adults. The incidence of both hepatitis
B and hepatitis C infections is decreasing among United
States residents. A vaccine is available for preventing
hepatitis B infection but not hepatitis C infection.
Infections can also be prevented by screening blood
supplies, and by reducing contact with contaminated fluids
in health care settings.
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are viruses that are sexually
transmitted and can infect genital and mucous membranes.
Some of these genital mucosal type HPVs are listed in the
report as "known human carcinogens" because studies show
they cause cervical cancer in women. Approximately 20
million people in the United States are infected with
genital HPVs, and 5.5 million new infections occur each
year. Most people infected do not have symptoms, but some
develop genital warts or cervical abnormalities.
X-radiation and gamma-radiation are listed in the report as
"known human carcinogens" because human studies show that
exposure to these kinds of radiation causes many types of
cancer including leukemia and cancers of the thyroid,
breast and lung. The risk of developing cancers due to
these forms of ionizing radiation depends to some extent on
age at the time of exposure. Childhood exposure is linked
to an increased risk for leukemia and thyroid cancer.
Exposure during reproductive years increases the risk for
breast cancer, and exposure later in life increases risk
for lung cancer. Exposure to X-radiation and gamma
radiation has also been shown to cause cancer of the
salivary glands, stomach, colon, bladder, ovaries, central
nervous system and skin.
Of the total worldwide exposure to X-radiation and gamma-
radiation, 55 percent is from low-dose medical diagnosis
such as bone, chest and dental X-rays, and 43 percent is
from natural sources like radon. Other sources, such as
industry, scientific research, military weapons testing,
nuclear accidents and nuclear power generation, account for
about 2 percent.
Neutrons are also listed in the report as a "known human
carcinogen." They cause genetic damage similar to that of
X-radiation and gamma radiation, and thus can cause the
same cancers. Neutron radiation is used less than other
types of radiation in industry, medicine, and research. The
general population is exposed to neutrons primarily from
cosmic radiation that penetrates the earth's atmosphere.
Eleven substances have been added to the "reasonably
anticipated" category:
Naphthalene is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of
many industrial chemicals, and has been used as an
ingredient in some moth repellants and toilet bowl
deodorants. Naphthalene is listed in the report as
"reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen," based on
inhalation studies in animals which showed it causes rare
nasal tumors in rats and benign lung tumors in female mice.
MeIQ, MeIQx, and PhIP are heterocyclic amine compounds
formed when meats and eggs are cooked or grilled at high
temperatures. These compounds are also found in cigarette
smoke. They are listed in the report as "reasonably
anticipated to be human carcinogens" because oral studies
in animals showed they caused cancer in multiple organs
including the forestomach, colon, liver, oral cavity,
mammary gland, skin, and cecum. Several human studies
suggest there is an increased risk for breast and
colorectal cancers related to consumption of broiled or
fried foods that may contain these or other similar
compounds.
MeIQ is 2-Amino-3, 4-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoline
MeIQx is 2-Amino-3, 8-dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline
PhIP is 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b]pyridine
Lead is used to make lead-acid storage batteries,
ammunition, and cable coverings. Lead compounds are used in
paint, glass and ceramics, fuel additives, and in some
ethnic and ceremonial cosmetics. The report lists lead and
lead compounds as "reasonably anticipated to be human
carcinogens" because exposure to lead or lead compounds is
associated with a small increased risk for lung or stomach
cancer in humans, and cancer of the kidney, brain or lung
in studies with laboratory animals.
Cobalt Sulfate is used in electroplating, as coloring
agents for ceramics, and as drying agents in inks and
paints. Cobalt sulfate is listed as "reasonably anticipated
to be a human carcinogen" based on inhalation studies in
laboratory animals that showed it causes adrenal gland and
lung tumors.
Diazoaminobenzene is a chemical used as an intermediate in
the production of dyes and to promote adhesion of natural
rubber to steel. Diazoaminobenzene is listed as "reasonably
anticipated to be a human carcinogen" based on evidence
that it is metabolized to benzene, a "known human
carcinogen," and because it causes genetic damage in
laboratory animals.
Nitrobenzene is a chemical used mainly in the production of
other industrial chemicals. It is listed as "reasonably
anticipated to be a human carcinogen" because inhalation
studies of this compound produced cancer in experimental
animals.
1-Amino-2, 4-dibromoanthraquinone is a vat dye that is used
in the textile industry. It is listed as "reasonably
anticipated to be a human carcinogen" based on evidence
that it causes cancer in experimental animals.
4,4'-Thiodianiline has been used as an intermediate in the
preparation of several kinds of dyes. It is listed as
"reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" based on
evidence that it causes cancer in experimental animals.
Nitromethane is used in specialized fuels, explosives, and
in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agricultural
chemicals. It is listed as "reasonably anticipated to be a
human carcinogen" based on evidence that it causes cancer
in experimental animals.
The Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition, is prepared by
the National Toxicology Program, an interagency group
coordinated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services. The full report is available at the NTP website
<http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov>.
The National Toxicology Program is located at the National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) in
Research Triangle Park, NC. Part of the National Institutes
of Health, NIEHS looks at factors in the environment that
may be harmful to human health.
##
This NIH News Release is available online at:
http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jan2005/niehs-31.htm.
楼主: liver411
发表于 2005-2-2 17:53
