0 day-Countdown to National Entrance Test for MA/MS Candidates

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Text 2

Throughout history, gold has been a precious material, eagerly sought and cherished. It was probably the first metal to be mined because it is beautiful and imperishable (which will always exist or cannot wear out), and because beautiful objects can be made from it—even with primitive tools. The amount of gold known to ancient peoples probably totaled not much more than the amount produced each year by the world?s largest gold mine located in the Witwatersrand district of South Africa. Stores of gold discovered by archaeologists in Greece, Scythia, and Egypt, as well as the gold from Indian treasuries in Mexico and Peru,

represented years of patient collection of small quantities from streams and veins (矿脉), often by slave labor.

The essential value of gold has always been known, even before gold was used in coinage. It remains the only universally recognized standard of value in international monetary exchange. Most of the world’s refined gold is absorbed by governments and central banks to provide backing for paper currency. But the amount of gold used in arts and in industry is increasing. In addition to its use for jewelry, decorative finishes, and dentistry, its special properties have led to many applications in modern science and technology. Surface coatings of gold protect earth satellites from heat and corrosion, and certain electrical components and circuits of spacecraft are made of gold when extreme reliability is required.

Gold was first produced in the United States from the southern Appalachian region, beginning about 1792. These deposits, though rich, were relatively small and were quickly depleted. The discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill in California sparked the gold rush of 1849—50. Hundreds of mining camps sprang to life as new deposits were discovered. As a result, the production of gold increased rapidly.

During World War Ⅰ and for some years thereafter, annual production declined to about two million ounces. When the price of gold was raised in 1934 to ＄35 an ounce, production increased rapidly. Shortly after the start of World War Ⅱ, gold mines were closed and the government did not permit them to reopen until 1945. Since then the production of gold has not exceeded two million ounces a year.

The largest producing gold mine in the United States is the Homestake Mine in South Dakota, which yields about 575,000 ounces of gold each year. Other mines scattered throughout various parts of the world produce even larger amounts of this highly prized and eagerly sought yellowish material.

26.With respect to gold, the author favors the statement that

［Ａ］ its beauty and imperishability made it the first to be discovered among all metals.

［B］ rich deposits of it were found by archaeologists in ancient Greece and Egypt.

［C］ primitive people must have learned to make fine ornaments from the precious metal.

［D］ Indian treasuries in Mexico and Peru were collected by slaves from brooks and veins.

27. According to the text, which of the following is true?

［Ａ］ Surface coatings of gold protect earth satellites from radiation.

［B］ Most of the world’s refined gold is used for currency backing.

［C］ The world’s largest gold mine is located in South Dakota, U.S.

［D］ The mining of gold can be traced back to the feudal age.

28. The author suggests that

［Ａ］ the U.S. is the largest producer of gold in the world.

［B］ ancient peoples collected gold in considerable amounts.

［C］ gold was first mined in the U.S. in the mid 1700s.

［D］ governments keep the production of gold under control.

29. To develop his ideas, the author uses

［Ａ］ arguments and proofs.

［B］ personal opinions.

［C］ convincing examples.

［D］ factual descriptions.

30. It can be inferred from the text that

［Ａ］ gold supplies are judged to be shrinking gradually.

［B］ dentistry is demanding much more gold now than ever before.

［C］ the yield of gold has been increasing since mid 1950s.

［D］ gold has been highly valued as a strategic material.

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Text 3

Maybe it?s a sign of a mature mind when some of life’s bigger questions—about love,faith,ambition—suddenly seem more manageable than smaller ones,such as:Why did I just open the refrigerator?Where on earth did I put my keys?Where did I write down that phone number?

Our capacity for storing and recalling information does not stream down like sand through an hourglass,as neurologists once believed.On the contrary,new research suggests that,when stimulated in the right way,brains of almost any age can give birth to cells and forge fresh pathways to file away new information.This emerging picture has not only encouraged those who treat and care for the 5% of older adults who have dementia（痴呆症）such as Alzheimer’s disease,but also generated a wave of optimism among those studying memory changes in the other 95%,as well as an increasing public fascination with “memory enhancement” dietary supplements,books and brain?improving techniques.

The slight failures of memory that many of us attribute to a failing brain are often due to something entirely different:anxiety,sleep problems,depression,even heart disease.The biological nuts and bolts of learning and memory in fact change little over time in healthy people,researcher say.“There’s very little cell loss,and structurally all the machinery is there,even very late in life,”said a neuroscientist Greg Cole.It?s the cells? speed and ability to send and receive signals that diminish gradually,which is what makes the mind go blank when trying to recall familiar words and names.

For more than a decade,researchers have known that people who have active,intellectually challenging lives are less likely to develop dementia than those who do not.Part of this difference is attributable to intelligence,some doctors believe:The more you start with,the longer it takes to lose it.And new evidence suggests that the act of using your brain is in itself protective,no matter who you are.

All of the activities,such as reading newspapers,watching TV,playing games,etc.,can improve people?s scores on standard tests measuring recall of numbers and names,experts say.They also acknowledge,however,that there is a big difference between playing chess with a friend and doing a mental exercise,such as memorizing numbers.One is an organic part of a person?s life,the other a purely intellectual exercise,done in isolation.The first is fun;the second,often,is a tiring task.

31. According to the text,adult persons usually

［A］ stress the settlement of bigger problems.

［B］ focus their attention on great issues.

［C］ overlook the remembrance of trivial things.

［D］ suffer memory decline related to age.

32. According to new research,it?s distinct that

［A］ our brain cells can be producible.

［B］ our memory may be renewable.

［C］ most mental illnesses are curable.

［D］ brain?mending methods are available.

33. The phrase “nuts and bolts” in Par.3 most probably means

［A］ basic structures.

［B］ complex tasks.

［C］ practical aspects.

［D］ working parts.

34. As asserted by researchers,our inability to memorize words or names mainly

［A］ results from the declining efficiency of brain cells.

［B］ results in the brain?s liability to radical interference.

［C］ consists of different mental disorders.

［D］ consists in various emotional problems.

35. Experts suggest that the best way to avoid memory failures is

［A］ to take more dietary supplements.

［B］ to keep mental function alive.

［C］ to find an intellectual occupation.

［D］ to do more intellectual exercises.

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Text 4

Non-indigenous (non-native) species of plants and animals arrive by way of two general types of pathways. First, species having origins outside the United States may enter the country and become established either as free-living populations or under human cultivation—for example, in agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, or as pets. Some cultivated species subsequently escape or are released and also become established as free-living populations. Second, species of either U.S. or foreign origin and already within the United States may spread to new locales. Pathways of both types include intentional as well as unintentional species transfers. Rates of species movement driven by human transformations of natural environments as well as by human mobility—through commerce, tourism, and travel—greatly exceed natural rates by comparison. While geographic distributions of species naturally expand or contract over historical time intervals(tens to hundreds of years), species- ranges rarely expand thousands of miles or across physical barriers such as oceans or mountains.

Habitat modification can create conditions favorable to the establishment of non-indigenous species. Soil disturbed in construction and agriculture is open for colonization by non-indigenous weeds, which in turn may provide habitats for the non-indigenous insects that evolved with them. Human-generated changes in fire frequency, grazing intensity, as well as soil stability and nutrient levels similarly facilitate the spread and establishment of non-indigenous plants. When human changes to natural environments span large geographical areas, they effectively create passages for species movement between previously isolated locales. The rapid spread of the Russian wheat aphid to fifteen states in just two years following its 1986 arrival has been attributed in part to the prevalence of alternative host plants that are available when wheat is not. Many of these are non-indigenous grasses recommended for planting on the forty million or more acres enrolled in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation Reserve Program.

A number of factors perplex quantitative evaluation of the relative importance of various entry pathways. Time lags often occur between establishment of non-indigenous species and their detection, and tracing the pathway for a long-established species is difficult. Experts estimate that non-indigenous weeds are usually detected only after having been in the country for thirty years or having spread to at least ten thousand acres. In addition, federal port inspection, although a major source of information on non-indigenous species pathways, especially for agriculture pests, provides data only when such species enter via closely-examined routes. Finally, some comparisons between pathways defy quantitative analysis—for example, which is more “important”： the entry path of one very harmful species or one by which many but less harmful species enter the country?

36.Which of the following statements about species movement is best supported by the text?

［A］ Human factors affect species movement rates more than its long-term amount.

［B］ Natural expansions of species account for their slow natural contractions.

［C］ Natural environments created by human activities contribute much to species movement.

［D］ Long-range movement of species depends on the geographic extent of human mobility.

37-According to the text, the U.S. Department of Agriculture

［A］ contributed to the fast distribution of the Russian wheat aphid to broad areas.

［B］ failed to isolate the Russian wheat aphid in limited locales.

［C］ provides data about foreign species entering the country by regulated routes.

［D］ is responsible for introducing harmful plants onto federal lands.

38.It can be inferred that all of the following affect the movement of species EXCEPT

［A］ earth fertility.

［B］ import restrictions.

［C］ natural obstacles.

［D］ fire disasters.

39.To determine the entry pathway for a non-native species is LEAST likely to depend on

［A］ whether the species is considered to be a pest.

［B］ whether the species enters by a closely-checked route.

［C］ the rate at which the species extends geographically.

［D］ the magnitude of the average number of the species.

40-Which of the following may best express the chief purpose of the last paragraph?

［A］ To explain the difficulties in tracing the pathways for long-established species.

［B］ To describe the events usually leading to the detection of a non-indigenous species.

［C］ To identify the problems in assessing the weight of entry tracks for foreign species.

［D］ To discuss the role of time lags and geographic expansion of species in species detection.

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Part B

Directions:

In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

If you fail to stoke a fire, its flames at some time will die. Yet the great fire of the Sun has burned nonstop for about 5000 million years with no apparent sign of going out.41).__

People in many cultures regarded the Sun as a miraculous gift from the gods, quite different from earthly fires and therefore not likely to fail them unless the gods were made angry. We now know that the Sun will eventually burn away.42).__

The Sun is composed of almost 75 per cent hydrogen and 25 per cent helium, plus much smaller amounts of oxygen, carbon, neon, nitrogen magnesium, iron and silicon. It is known as a main sequence star, one that shines by burning hydrogen.43).__ Thus, the Sun is both burning fuel and creating it. As the hydrogen store diminishes, its stock of helium grows. The light and heat coming now from the Sun were actually produced in its core many millions of years ago.

When we burn fuel on a fire, we are converting matter—wood or coal—partly into energy. The more efficient the fire, the more heat it produces.44).__This loss of hydrogen is slight when compared to the Sun?s enormous bulk. Even though it is composed of light gas, the Sun weighs some 300,000 times as much as the Earth. And it loses about 4 million tones of matter every second.

45).__

If that sounds depressing, take heart! If the Sun switched off its power tomorrow, it would be ten million years years before its surface cooled sufficiently for anybody on Earth to feel the chill. In 5000 million years? time, humans may well have found an answer to impending doom.

［A］ We, one earth, soak up a tiny fraction—perhaps one?hundred?millionth—of the Sun?s vast energy. The rest of its awesome output of heat and light vanishes beyond the planets and into space.

［B］ Scientists predict that the Sun has enough hydrogen to keep the fire going for another 5000 million years, about as long again as it has already burned. It will then gradually, like the heart of a dying fire, change color, turning in this case from white to yellow and red until, finally, as a black dwarf, it disappears from sight.

［C］ The Earth?s atmosphere,which normally shields it from the intense heat of the Sun,would drift away. Then the Earth’s oceans would boil and vanish in steam.Without the cooling effect of its atmosphere and oceans,Earth itself would turn into a massive ball of fire.

［D］ At the Sun’s heart, the hydrogen was once compressed with such force that it started a nuclear reaction. In this giant furnace, the hydrogen is converted by nuclear fusion into another combustible gas, helium, in a reaction similar to that in an H?bomb.

［E］ Before its great fire dies,the Sun will turn into a red giant,bloated(swollen)to about 100 times its current size.It will swallow up Mercury and then Venus,the nearest to it planets.

［F］ The Sun is an extremely efficient furnace, but even so the helium it generates to keep the great fire going is only 92.3 per cent of the hydrogen it burns. The other 7.7 per cent vanishes in several forms of energy, mainly heat, light and X?rays.

［G］ Tests show that its temperature fluctuates. Since 1979, it seems to have cooled by one?tenth of per cent, but that is not a sign that the great fire is going out. Space scientists believe that, because of the Sun’s volatile nature, this minor change may soon be reversed.

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Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

No painter can produce a good canvas without a broad knowledge of what has been painted before him, 46) no architect can plan a meaningful building except as he has spent time in considering the architecture of the past, and no writer can produce good writing without a sure sense of what has been accomplished in the past within his form.

Nor does one learn the past of his form only to adhere to it. Such an adherence, if overdone, would be a death in itself. I mean, rather, that it is impossible to venture meaningful innovation unless one knows what he is innovating from. 47) With no exception I am able to think of, the best innovators in our literature have been those who best knew their past tradition.

I am saying simply that a writer must learn to read. He must read widely and thoughtfully, and he must learn to read not as an amateur spectator but as an engaged professional. 48) Just as the football coach sees more of the play than do the amateur spectators, so the writer must learn to see more of what is happening under the surface of the story than does the reader who simply yields to the story. William Dean Howells, then editor of The Atlantic, gave what he intended as a supreme admiration to one of Mark Twain?s books when he reported that he had begun the book and for the first time in many years had found himself reading as a reader rather than as an editor.

49) A happy preference and a gracious compliment, but once the writer has allowed himself that much it becomes his duty to reread the book with his glasses on—not only to enter into the story of the writing, but to identify the devices (i.e., the inventions) by which the story was created and made to work upon him. 50) And here, too, he must experience his essential deceit, for the best reading is exactly that reading in which the passion of the story and the awareness of its technical management arrive at the same time.

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Section Ⅲ Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

You are a college graduate in Law. Write a letter to a law office to apply for a position, which should include：

1) the position of your application,

2) the reason of your interest in the job，

3) your related knowledge, skills and experience.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

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Part B

52. Directions:

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should

1) describe the picture,

2) interpret its meaning,and

3) state your plan to do so.

You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)

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Part B

52. Directions:

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should

1) describe the picture,

2) interpret its meaning,and

3) state your plan to do so.

You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)

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全国硕士生入学统一考试英语全真模拟试题一

section ⅠUse of English

　　Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SH

To produce the upheaval(激变) in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher education from the mid-1860’s to the mid-1880’s, three primary causes interacted. The 1 of a half?dozen leaders in education provided the personal force that was needed. 2 , an outcry（呐喊） for a fresher, more practical, and more advanced kind of instruction 3 among the alumni（校友） and friends of nearly all of the old college and grew into a movement that overrode（压倒） all 4 opposition. The aggressive “Young Yale” movement appeared, demanding partial alumni control, a more 5 spirit, and a broader course of study. The graduates of Harvard College simultaneously 6 to relieve the college’s poverty and demand new 7 .Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by 8 off church leadership everywhere, and in the West by finding a wider range of studies and a new 9 of public duty.

　　The old-style classical education received its most crushing 10 in the citadel（城堡） of Harvard College, 11 Dr. Charles Eliot, a young captain of thirty-five, son of a former treasurer of Harvard, led the 12 forces. Five revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliot’s 13 . They were the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the 14 and the development of the 15 system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raising of professional training in law, medicine, and engineering to a postgraduate level, and the fostering(培养) of greater 16 in student life. Standard of admission were sharply advanced in 1872～1877. 17 the appointment of a dean（院长） to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of 18 , the undergraduates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and 19 as young animals. One new course of study after another was 20 science, music, the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish, political economy, physics and international law.

　　1. ［A］ uproar［B］ threshold［C］ emergency［D］ emergence

　　2. ［A］ However［B］ Moreover［C］ Thereafter［D］ Indeed

　　3. ［A］ aroused［B］ arose［C］ roused［D］ incurred

　　4. ［A］ conservative［B］ conventional［C］ radical［D］ profound

　　5. ［A］ flexible［B］ liberal［C］ literate［D］ literary

　　6. ［A］ rallied［B］ assembled［C］ gathered［D］ summoned

　　7. ［A］ resource［B］ orientation［C］ reserve［D］ enterprise

　　8. ［A］ putting［B］ taking［C］ growing［D］ letting

　　9. ［A］ point［B］ meaning［C］ commitment［D］ sense

　　10. ［A］ blow［B］ crack［C］ strike［D］ stroke

　　11. ［A］ when［B］ where［C］ which［D］ that

　　12. ［A］ drastic［B］ massive［C］ extreme［D］ progressive

　　13. ［A］ administration［B］ manipulation［C］ regulation［D］ institution

　　14. ［A］ subject［B］ course［C］ curriculum［D］ syllabus

　　15. ［A］ elective［B］ selective［C］ subjective［D］ objective

　　16. ［A］ diversity［B］ maturity［C］ seniority［D］ versatility

　　17. ［A］ By［B］ With［C］ Upon［D］ At

　　18. ［A］ penalty［B］ code［C］ virtue［D］ discipline

　　19. ［A］ little［B］ less［C］ much［D］ even

　　20. ［A］ opened up［B］ set down［C］ brought up［D］ laid down

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section ⅡReading Comprehension--Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. M

ark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

　　Massive changes in all of the world’s deeply cherished sporting habits are underway. Whether it’s one of London’s parks full of people playing softball, and Russians taking up rugby, or the Superbowl rivaling the British Football Cup Final as a televised spectator event in Britain, the patterns of players and spectators are changing beyond recognition. We are witnessing a globalization of our sporting culture…

　　That annual bicycle race, the Tour de France, much loved by the French is a good case in point. Just a few years back it was a strictly continental affair with France, Belgium and Holland, Spain and Italy taking part. But in recent years it has been dominated by Colombian mountain climbers, and American and Irish riders. The people who really matter welcome the shift toward globalization. Peugeot, Michelin and Panasonic are multi-national corporations that want worldwide returns for the millions they invest in teams. So it does them literally a world of good to see this unofficial world championship become just that.

　　This is undoubtedly an economic-based revolution we are witnessing here, one made possible by communications technology, but made to happen because of marketing considerations. Sell the game and you can sell Coca Cola or Budweiser as well.

　　The skilful way in which American football has been sold to Europe is a good example of how all sports will develop. The aim of course is not really to spread the sport for its own sake, but to increase the number of people interested in the major money-making events. The economics of the Superbowl are already astronomical. With seats at US$125, gate receipts alone were a staggering $10 000 000. The most important statistic of the day, however, was the $100 000 000 in TV advertising fees. Imagine how much that becomes when the eyes of the world are watching.

　　So it came as a terrible shock, but not really as a surprise, to learn that some people are now suggesting that soccer change from being a game of two 45-minute halves, to one of four 25-minute quarters. The idea is unashamedly to capture more advertising revenue, without giving any thought for the integrity of a sport which relies for its essence on the flowing nature of the action.

　　Moreover, as sports expand into world markets, and as our choice of sports as consumers also grows, so we will demand to see them played at a higher and higher level. In boxing we have already seen numerous, dubious world title categories because people will not pay to see anything less than a “World Title” fight, and this means that the title fights have to be held in different countries around the world!

　　21. Globalization of sporting culture means that

　　［A］ more people are taking up sports.

　　［B］ traditional sports are getting popular.

　　［C］ many local sports are becoming international.

　　［D］ foreigners are more interested in local sports.

　　22. Which of the following is NOT related to the massive changes?

　　［A］ Good economic returns.［B］ Revival of traditional games.

　　［C］ Communications technology.［D］ Marketing strategies.

　　23. As is used in the passage, “globalization” comes closest in meaning to

　　［A］ “commercialization”.［B］ “popularization”.

　　［C］ “speculation”.［D］ “standardization”.

　　24. What is the author’s attitude towards the suggestion to change soccer into one of four 25-minute quarters?

　　［A］ Favorable.［B］ Unclear.

　　［C］ Reserved. ［D］ Critical.

　　25. People want to see higher-level sports competitions mainly because

　　［A］ they become more professional than ever.

　　［B］ they regard sports as consumer goods.

　　［C］ there exist few world-class championships.

　　［D］ sports events are exciting and stimulating.