0 day-Countdown to National Entrance Test for MA/MS Candidates

Interferon

　　2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试时间定在2005年1月22日至1月23日8：30—11：30，14：00—17：00。不在该规定日期举行的研究生入学考试，国家一律不予承认。据悉，各科的考试时间均为3个小时，考试方式均为笔试。

　　1月22日上午：统考、法律硕士联考及单考科目为政治理论（满分为100分）；工商管理硕士专业学位、MBA初试联考科目为综合能力（满分为200分）。

　　1月22日下午：外国语（满分为100分）。

　　1月23日上午：统考数学或西医综合或中医综合或1门业务课（满分各为150分）。

　　1月23日下午：业务课（满分为150分）。

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-1-21 23:17:48编辑过]

Interferon

Section I Listening Comprehension

Directions: This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.

Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.

Now look at Part A in your test booklet.

Part A

Directions: For questions 1 - 5, you will hear a talk about the geography of Belgium. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)

Geography of Belgium

Three main regions coastal plain central plateau 1 Highest altitude of the coastal plain m 2 Climate near the sea humid 3 Particularly rainy months of the years April 4 Average temperatures in July in Brussels low 13 ℃ High ℃ 5

听力原文 Belgium has three main geographic regions: the coastal plain, the central plateau and the highlands. The coastal plain extends inlands 16 to 48 kilometers on the northwest. Along the north sea is a lowlying area consisting mainly of sandy hills and sections of lands reclaimed from the sea. The coastal plain’s elevation ranges from sea level to 20 metres. The central plateau is a gently rolling, slightly elevated area, irrigated by many waterways and containing a number of wide, fertile valleys with a rich soil. The highlands, a densely-wooded plateau, averaging 460 metres in elevation, extends across southeastern Belgium and into northeastern France. Located here is the highest peak in Belgium with an elevation of 694 meters. The climate near the sea is humid and mild. Farther inland, a marked increase in the range of temperature occurs. In the highlands, hot summers alternate with cold winters. Heavy rains are confined almost exclusively to the highlands. Fog and rain are common, and April and November are particularly rainy months. In Brussels, the average temperatures range from zero to 5 degrees Centigrade in January and from 13 to 22 degrees Centigrade in July. Along the coast, the average range is 1 degree to 5 degrees Centigrade in January and 14 to 20 degrees Centigrade in July.

解题指导： 预览指导语及表格，以便对录音材料的内容大概了解，同时也是为了有针对性地听录音，捕捉每个空格的答案信息。接着，将目光盯着第一题，听磁带中的信息点填空。做完第一题，接着就盯着第二题，以此类推。磁带放第二遍的时候，查疑补漏，核实答案。曾微老师在其听力讲座及讲义中专门介绍了关于地形的听法，如果认真练习，此题应拿满分。

1. [答案] highlands [分析] 原词答案，参看原文第一句。 2. [答案] 20 [分析] 原词答案，参看原文第四句。 3. [答案] mild [分析] 原词答案，参看原文第八句。主要是练习大家原音的变音情况可能有的同学写成了Wild，MILL，都是不给分的，这些都是在复习当中，没有区别的能力 4. [答案] November [分析] 原词答案，参看原文第十二句。 5. [答案] 22 [分析] 原词答案，参考原文第十三句，Twenty-2也可以，这个在分数上是不会扣分的。

Part B

Directions: For Questions 6-10, you will hear an interview with Mr. Saffo from the Institute for the Future. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)

What is Saffo according to himself? 6 The Institute for the Future provides services to private companies and 7

The Institute believes that to think systematically about the long-range future is 8

To succeed in anything, one should be flexible, curious and 9

What does Saffo consider to be essential to the work of a team? 10

听力原文： W: Mr Saffo, you’ve been called the futurist. But you say you hate that term. Talk about that. M: mm... I dislike the term because it’s not an accurate description of what I do. For me, futurists are people who’re excited about the future. They usually have an agenda of some sort. But what I am is something more boring. That is, I just forecast, I don’t predict. I am a technology forecaster. And I spend most of my time looking at electronic technologies. So I’m looking at information technology very largely, and typically out 5 to 10 years, sometimes as long as 30 years, depending on the project. W: Who pays you to do this? Do you work for companies who need this information. M: The Institute for the Future is a non-profit foundation that does work for private companies and government agencies. A whole variety of different folks pay us to help them understand things. And we also do free work. Being a non-profit foundation, our basic mission is to encourage people to think systematically about the long-range future. The heart of what we try to do is convince people that it is a meaningful exercise to think systematically about the long-range future. W: What are the personal qualities that make you good at what you do? M: mm, curiosity, er what else? Being flexible. Because forecasting is really nothing more than applied common sense. The same qualities that make for a good forecaster are the same qualities that … make one successful in anything?being flexible, being curious and being open to change. W: You’ve mentioned that your organization wants to stay small. Why? M: It has to do with community. Our unit of work is the team and you need to have high levels of trust and cooperation among team members. People need to really like and trust each other. 解题指导： 预览指导语及五个问题，考生对录音材料初步了解。接着将目光落在第六题上，等候信息点。注意，问题或题干就象路标，往往就是磁带中答案信息点的标志，考生要非常敏感。 本节做题时，考生要注意答案表达的规范性，在语法形式和意思上都得与问题或题干相一致。 6. [答案] A (technology) forecaster [分析] 原词答案，参看M的第一轮话语的第六句。因为是在句子的开头，所以A 必须是大写。用三个词两个词都可以。

7. [答案] government agencies [分析] 原词答案，参看M的第二轮话语的第一句。 8. [答案] (a) meaningful (exercise) [分析] 原词答案，参看M的第二轮话语的末句。 9. [答案] open to change [分析] 原词答案，参看M的第三轮话语的末句。 10. [答案] Trust and cooperation [分析] 原词答案，参看M的第四轮话语的第二句。在问题的时候，虽然不在一起，但是答题的时候需要总结

Part C

Directions: You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points)

Questions 11-13 are based on the following talk about naming newborns. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11-13.

11. What do we often do with the things we love?

[A] Ask for their names.

Name babies after them.

[C] Put down their names.

[D] Choose names for them.

12. The unpleasant meaning of an old family name is often overlooked if

[A] the family tree is fairly limited.

the family tie is strong enough.

[C] the name is commonly used.

[D] nobody in the family complains.

13. Several months after a baby’s birth, its name will

[A] show the beauty of its own.

develop more associations.

[C] lose the original meaning.

[D] help form the baby’s personality.

Questions 14 - 16 are based on the biography of Bobby Moore, an English soccer player. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 - 16.

14. How many matches did Moore play during his professional career?

[A] 90.

108.

[C] 180.

[D] 668.

15. In 1964, Bobby Moore was made

[A] England’s footballer of the year.

a soccer coach in West Germany.

[C] a medalist for his sportsmanship.

[D] a number of the Order of the British Empire.

16. After Moore retired from playing, the first thing he did was

[A] editing Sunday Sport.

working for Capital Radio.

[C] managing professional soccer teams.

[D] developing a sports marketing company.

Questions 17 - 20 are based on the following talk on the city of Belfast. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 - 20.

17. Belfast has long been famous for its

[A] oil refinery.

linen textiles.

[C] food products.

[D] deepwater port.

18. Which of the following does Belfast chiefly export?

[A] Soap.

Grain.

[C] Steel.

[D] Tobacco.

19. When was Belfast founded?

[A] In 1177.

In 1315.

[C] In the 16th century.

[D] In the 17th century.

20. What happened in Belfast in the late 18th century?

[A] French refugees arrived.

The harbor was destroyed.

[C] Shipbuilding began to flourish.

[D] The city was taken by the English.

You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.

听力原文 Passage 1 One of the first questions anybody asks about a new-born is “what is the baby’s name?” Faced with this tiny pink new-born, we want to put a name to it, as if by doing so, we welcome it to this world of individuals. We always name the things we love. A small child will give names to even his tiniest toys or his well-chewed blanket. And the difference between “Blankie” and the blanket is an entire personality. There are many ways to choose a name for a baby. One of the most common is to use an old family name. If the family tie is strong enough, parents are often willing to overlook an unpleasant feeling or meaning. If all the men for five generations have been named Branden, who are you to complain that the name means “smelly hair”? Inspiration need not be limited to the family tree. Pick an attribute, pick the name of an Italian city where the baby was born. Name the baby after your favorite poet or interesting scent. It can be difficult to find a perfect name for your baby. But the beauty of the process is this. By the time the baby is a few months old, his personality erases all other associations the name may hold, the evil snake or the much loved poet fades away and the name becomes quite simply the name of your child. And you will have made the right choice. Passage 2 Bobby Moore was a famous English soccer player who led the England team to victory against West Germany in the 1966 World Cup Final. As a superb defender, Moore played a hundred and eight games for England’s national team from 1962 to 1970 and was captain 90 times. His professional soccer career spans 19 years and 668 matches, a record with no match so far in England. Moore was born in Barking, East London, in 1941. His full name was Robert Frederick Moore. He began playing club soccer in the early 1960s. He was named England’s footballer of the year from 1963 to 1964. Moore was known for his sportsmanship on the field. He was not inclined towards wild celebration of girls. In 1967, he was made a member of the order of the British Empire. More retired from playing in 1977, and after spending brief periods managing professional soccer teams, he concentrated on developing a sports marketing company and doing media work. He was sports editor of Sunday Sport from 1986 to 1990 and a regular commentator for London’s Capital Radio Station from 1990 to 1993. After Moore was diagnosed with cancer, he went public with his battle in 1991 and continued to work until his death in 1993. Passage 3 Belfast is the capital of Northern Island and a major city in commerce and industry. It is one of the most important ship-building and repairing centers of the United Kingdom, and has long been known for its linen textiles. Its manufactures include aircraft, guided weapons, and tobacco and food products. A large petroleum refinery here is supplied by imported petroleum which is received at the city’s deep-water port. Other imports include grain, coal, chemicals and iron and steel. Among the chief exports are petroleum products, soap, food stuffs and textiles. In Belfast, there are the notable Ulster Museum and the Protestant Cathedral of Saint Anne. As an educational center, the city is home to Queen’s University of Belfast and Belfast College of Technology. Although there’s evidence that people once settled in this place during the stone and bronze Ages, the founding of Belfast dates from 1177 when a Norman castle was erected. Edward Bruce destroyed the settlement in 1315, the year he became the Irish King. The city was taken by the English in the 16th century. In the late 17th century, French refugees arrived here and developed the linen industry. The harbor was improved in the late 18th century and ship-building was begun on a large scale. The city was made the capital of Northern Island 1920. During World War II, Belfast was heavily damaged by German bombing raids. Beginning in 1969, the city was the scene of religious disorder involving civil rights agitation and increased violence.

解题指导： 预览指导语和问题，从而了解录音材料的大概内容，做题时就更有针对性，更有把握。一旦选定答案，就不再犯疑，立即看下道题。涉及到自己熟悉的背景的录音材料时，不妨利用自己的知识常识，结合上下题和选项，猜猜可能的答案。 11. [答案] [D] [分析] 这是一道细节题，依据原文第三句。 12. [答案] [分析] 这是一道细节题，依据原文第八句。 13. [答案] [C] [分析] 这是一道细节题，依据原文末尾部分“By the time the baby is a few months old, his personality erases all other associations the name may hold”可知，答案为C。 14. [答案] [D] [分析] 这是一道细节题，参看原文第三句。 15. [答案] [A] [分析] 这是一道细节题，参看原文第七句。 16. [答案] [C] [分析] 这是一道细节题，参看原文第11句。 17. [答案] [分析] 这是一道细节题，参看原文第二句。 18. [答案] [A] [分析] 这是一道细节题，参看原文第六句。注意问题问的是“chiefly export”。 19. [答案] [A] [分析] 这是一道细节题，参看原文第九句。 20. [答案] [C] [分析] 这是一道细节题，参看原文第13句。

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Section II Use of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (21) ____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22) ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23) ____ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in (24) ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (25) ____ as a rejection of middle-class values.

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (26) ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (27) ____ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (28) ____ to criticism.

Changes in the social structure may indirectly (29) ____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (30) ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (31) ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (32) ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.

Families have also (33) ____ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; (34) ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) ____ was common in the traditional family (36) ____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (37) ____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (38) ____ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (39) ____ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40) ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.

21.[A] acting relying [C] centering [D] cementing

22.[A] before unless [C] until [D] because

23. [A] interactions assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation

24. [A] return reply [C] reference [D] response

25. [A] or but rather [C] but [D] or else

26.[A] considering ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding

27. [A] on in [C] for [D] with

28. [A] immune resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject

29. [A] affect reduce [C] chock [D] reflect

30. [A] point lead [C] come [D] amount

31. [A] in general on average [C] by contrast [D] at length

32. [A] case short [C] turn [D] essence

33. [A] survived noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced

34. [A] contrarily consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously

35. [A] than that [C] which [D] as

36. [A] system structure [C] concept [D] heritage

37. [A] assessable identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible

38. [A] expense restriction [C] allocation [D] availability

39. [A] incidence awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity

40. [A] provided since [C] although [D] supposing

21. [答案] [C] [解析] 本题涉及动词短语知识。C. centering on意为“以…为中心/重点”，符合句意，且与上文呼应，为正确答案。A. acting on意为“按照…行事”；B. relying on 意为“依靠”；D. commenting on 意为“对…进行评论”。 22. [答案] [D] [解析] 本题涉及上下句的句义理解。答案为D. because，引导由or连接着的两个原因状语从句。 23. [答案] [A] [解析] 本题考查考生的词汇知识。A. interaction(互动)符合句义，应为正确答案。B. assimilation(同化，吸收)；C. cooperation(合作)；D. consultation(咨询)。 24. [答案] [D] [解析] 本题涉及词语搭配知识。跟空格前后介词in/to可以搭配，且符合句意的选项为D。该短语意为“答复，反应，回应”。 25. [答案] [A] [解析] 本题考查考生对上下句句义的理解。空格后as引导的为原因状语，与in response to引导的原因状语并列，都是“孩子们犯罪”的原因，故答案为A。 26. [答案] [解析] 本题涉及词汇知识。B. ignoring意为“忽视，不顾”带入后，上下句语义连贯，为正确答案。C. highlighting意为“强调，突出”；D. discarding意为“抛弃”。 27. [答案] [C] [解析] 本题涉及介词短语知识。C. for lack of意为“由于缺少…”，符合句意，为正确答案。 28. [答案] [D] [解析] 本题涉及形容词短语知识。D. be subject to意为“受…支配；遭受…影响”，符合句意，为正确答案。A. be immune to 意为“不易受…影响”。B. be resistant to 意为“对…有抵制力”。 29. [答案] [A] [解析] 本题涉及一般的词汇知识。A. affect意为“影响”，符合句意，为正确答案。 30. [答案] [解析] 本题涉及动词短语知识。B. lead to 意为“导致”，符合句义，为正确答案。A. point to意为“指向”；D. amount to 意为“总数达到…”。 31. [答案] [A] [解析] 本题涉及介词短语知识。A. in general 意为“一般来说”，为正确答案。B. on average 意为“平均而言”；C. by contrast意为“相反”；D. at length意为“终于；详尽地”。 32. [答案] [C] [解析] 本题同样涉及介词短语知识。C. in turn 意为“依次，接着”，为正确答案。A. in case意为“以防，万一”；B. in short意为“总而言之”；D. in essence意为“本质上”。 33. [答案] [D] [解析] 本题涉及词汇知识。D. experienced(经历)符合句义，为正确答案。C. undertaken意为“承担，答应”。 34. [答案] [解析] 本题考查一般词汇知识。B. consequently(因此)符合句义，为正确答案。A. contrarily意为“相反”；D. simultaneously(同时)。 35. [答案] [A] [解析] 本题涉及比较状语从句的知识。原句认为，现代家庭中的家长对孩子的管教比传统家庭中的管教要少，故此，A. than为正确答案。该从句常用省略形式，空格后省略了that which。 36. [答案] [解析] 本题涉及上下文的准确理解。由于上文讲述现代家庭组成的变化，那么对应的当然是传统家庭的组成结构，故答案为B. structure。A. system意为“制度”，与上下文不太对应。 37. [答案] [解析] 本题涉及词汇知识。B. identifiable意为“可以识别的”，为正确答案。A. assessable意为“可以评估的”；C. negligible意为“可以忽略的”；D. incredible意为“难以置信的”。 38. [答案] [D] [解析] 本题涉及词汇知识。D. availability意为“可以提供，可以找到”，符合句义，为答案。B. “限定”；C. “分配”。 39. [答案] [A] [解析] 本题涉及词汇知识。A. incidence意为“发生率”，符合句意，为正确答案。 40. [答案] [C] [解析] 本题涉及上下句逻辑的把握能力。C. although代人后，语义连贯，应为正确答案。

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Section III Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your mowers on ANSWER SNEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,’ says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.” says one expert. For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept —— what you think you want to do —— then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide. Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs —— those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them —— and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite. Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.

41. How did Redmon find his job?

[A] By searching openings in a job database. By posting a matching position in a database. [C] By using a special service of a database. [D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.

42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?

[A] Lack of counseling. Limited number of visits. [C] Lower efficiency. [D] Fewer successful matches.

43. The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means

[A] advisory. compensation. [C] interaction. [D] reminder.

44. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?

[A] To focus on better job matches. To attract more returning visits. [C] To reserve space for more messages. [D] To increase the rate of success.

45. Which of the following is true according to the text?

[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters. Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands. [C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed. [D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.

分析： 这是一篇议论文，主要讨论网站推出的一种叫“个人搜索工具”的功能项目对求职者的帮助作用。 第一段以雷德曼为例，引入文章话题“个人搜索工具”。 第二段指出这种工具的弊病。 第三段讨壅庵止ぞ叩恼嬲?壑怠?BR>第四段指出这种工具设计者的隐藏着的意图。 第五段指出该工具对其他人的价值。

参考译文： 甘特.雷德曼律师去年底找工作的时候，在网上碰到了一家叫“职业开创者”的网站。(41)他没能在该网站上搜索到什么，但却被其中的“个人搜索工具”所吸引。这是一种互动性的功能，访客只需键入自己的求职要求，诸如地点、职务和薪水，然后给网上贴出的对应岗位发个邮件。雷德曼键入了法律、知识产权和华盛顿哥伦比亚特区几个关键词。三周后，他收到了第一个岗位通知。雷德曼感叹自己“挖到了金子”，他将自己的简历邮发给老板，就得到了公司的内部顾问的职务。 网上有成千上万个与谋职有关的网站，找到好的岗位低效耗时。搜索工具使人们不必反复访问某些网址，但尽管这种搜索工具对雷德曼有用，求职专家们却发现了其弊病。譬如说，把个人的求职要求具体明确，反而会对自己不利。有专家说“每当你回答一个问题，你就排除了一种可能”。 (42) 找工作，首先得有一个明确的概念―――你觉得自己想干什么―――然后拓宽观念。“而没有一个程序能做到这一点”，专家认为，“这些程序缺少的是职业咨询”。相反，(43)最佳策略应是，把这种搜索工具看作为“提示服务”，借它了解网站中的岗位职业机会；一旦受到邮件，将其看作是一个提醒，以便查阅网站。一位求职搜索指南的作者就说过，“我可不想全靠这些搜索工具，去了解网站中新添加的对我有用的信息”。 (44)有些网站故意设计搜索工具，引诱求职者回访。例如，职业开创者网站的搜索工具在给注册会员发信时，只提高三个可能的职位―――被认为最匹配的职位。网站可能还有更多的匹配，求职者将不得不再次访问网站―――他们也确实这样做。职业开创者网站的营销部副总裁就曾说，“我们的邮件发出后，点击率就急剧上升”。 (45)既便非求职者也会发现搜索工具非常有用。有人便借它严密关注自己专业的需求情况，或为加薪谈判搜集相关的加薪信息。尽管已高兴上岗，雷德曼仍关注着职业开创者网站的搜索工具。他说，“你得瞪大眼睛”。有了个人搜索工具就等于多了一双眼睛帮你张望。

41. [答案] [C] [解析] 这是一道细节题，问Redman是怎样找到工作的。依据文章第一段，可知答案为C。 42. [答案] [A] [解析] 这是一道细节判断题。第三段前三句中，作者借专家之言表达了自己对搜索工具的缺陷的看法：确实职业咨询特征。选项A符合此意，为正确答案。 43. [答案] [D] [解析] 这是一道词义题。依据第三段的第四句可知，“tip service”只起提示作用(reminder)，故答案为D。A. advisory意为“咨询，顾问”，与文章内容不符，因为文章说这种搜索agent缺的正是咨询特征。 44. [答案] [解析] 这是一道涉及因果关系的细节题。依据第四段首句可知答案为B。 45. [答案] [C] [解析] 这是一道是非判断题。依据第五段首句可明确得知，C项为正确答案。 Text 2

Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world’s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht). Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.

46. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars?

[A] A kind of overlooked inequality. A type of conspicuous bias. [C] A type of personal prejudice. [D] A kind of brand discrimination.

47. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?

[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success. The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman. [C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names. [D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.

48. The 4th paragraph suggests that

[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students. alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class. [C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students. [D] students should be seated according to their eyesight.

49. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?

[A] They are getting impatient. They are noisily dozing off. [C] They are feeling humiliated. [D] They are busy with word puzzles.

50. Which of the following is true according to the text?

[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated. VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism. [C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go. [D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.

分析： 这是一篇议论文，讨论字母主义这一歧视现象。 第一段揭示字母主义这一隐藏的歧视现象。 第二段和第三段例释这种现象的广泛存在。 第四和第五段指出，这种现象不是巧合，也不是个别现象。文章引介一个理论，认为这种现象起始于幼时的学校教育。 参考译文： 过去一百年中，各种不公正和歧视要么遭到谴责，要么被视为非法，(46)然而，有一种歧视却潜伏下来，继续蔓延，那就是：字母主义。许多人迄今还了解这种现象，它指的是姓氏首字母位于字母表下半部分的人们所遭受的歧视。 众所周知，当顾客翻寻电话号码簿的时候，名为AAAA的出租车公司就比名叫Zodiac的公司占有优势。有一点还不太为人所知，Adam Abbott在生活中比Zoe Zysman拥有优势。英文名在字母表中前后分部均匀，但许多上层人士的姓的首字母都在A至K之间，令人感到离奇。 因此，美国总统和付总统的姓分别为B和C；乔治.布什的前任中（包括其父）有26位的姓在字母表的上半部，只有16位在字母表的下半部。更令人称奇的是，七大工业国的七位首脑中有六位的姓在字母表上位列上部（Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien, Koizumi）。世界三大央行行长（Greenspan, Duisenberg, Hayami）也是如此，即使其中一位用的是日本字。世界五位首富（Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison, Albrecht）也是一样。 这难道只是一个巧合？有一种理论（那些字母表上列位不佳者闲时构幻出来的）认为情况从一开始就很糟。(48)早在幼儿学校的第一年，老师就按字母顺序给学生排座位，以便能记住孩子们的名字，因此，近视眼小日斯曼（Zysman junior）就永远坐后排，并且很少被那些粗心的教师提问，而这些提问对孩子的成长有益。当时，那些姓氏字母不佳的孩子会为逃避提问而暗自庆幸，但结果是使他们素质欠佳，因为他们得到的个人关注少，在公众场合说话也信心不足。 这种不幸还在持续。(49)大学毕业典礼上，姓氏为ABC字母的学生首先得意洋洋的拿到奖状，等轮到ZYS们的时候，多数人都在打瞌睡了。就业面试，选举投票，会议发言或列席等诸多表格，也都是按字母顺序排序，人们费劲地翻阅，越往后翻兴趣也越少。 46. [答案] [A] [解析] 这是一道例证题，涉及作者提及AAAA和Zodiac公司的意图，意图在第一段。理解第一段后可知A项（是为了阐述一种不太为人注意的不平等现象）为正确答案。 47. [答案] [D] [解析] 这是一道推论题。综合前三段，可以认为：有些歧视现象令人难以察觉。D项符合此意，为正确答案。 48. [答案] [C] [解析] 这是一道推论题，问第四段暗示了什么。第四五六句暗示，老师应顾及所有学生，因此C项为正确答案。 49. [答案] [解析] 这是一道句意题。在英文中，ZZZ常被用来描述人打瞌睡时发出的声音，因此，该句句意为B（他们就呼着了）。A是一个干扰性很强的选项，意思与上下文连贯，按一般的句意题设计规律，其实也可接受。选B不选A，跟本篇阅读文章的命题者的命题习惯有关。 50. [答案] [D] [解析] 这是一道是非判断题。综合全文，不难发现 D项（按字母顺序排列一切会导致意想不到的歧见）为正确答案。

Interferon

Text 3

When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says. Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening. Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job. Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.

51. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet”(Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means

[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business. Spero is too much engaged in her work. [C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit. [D] Spero is not in a desperate situation.

52. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?

[A] Optimistic. Confused. [C] Carefree. [D] Panicked.

53. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range” (Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about.

[A] gold market. real estate. [C] stock exchange. [D] venture investment.

54. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic showdown?

[A] They would benefit in certain ways. The stock market shows signs of recovery. [C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom. [D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.

55. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?

[A] A now boom, on the horizon. Tighten the belt, the single remedy. [C] Caution all right, panic not. [D] The more ventures, the more chances.

分析： 这是一篇新闻体议论文章，主要讨论经济增长趋缓这一现象。 第一段通过Spero的例子，指出经济发展减缓的现象。 第二段，作者认为，人们虽然对经济略有担忧，但总体上还是比较乐观。 第三和第四段，作者引用一些住房及其他方面的市场情况，来证明第二段的观点。 参考译文： (51)经济发展减缓，Ellen Spero还不致于咬指甲，但这位47岁的指甲修剪师的修指甲、美指甲的业务也不如所希望的那样多了。她的多数客户每周要化12到50美元，而上月两名老主顾突然不来了。Spero把这归咎于经济的疲软。“我是一个很好的经济晴雨表”，她说，“我提供的服务属于当人们想省钱的时候不要也行的服务”。所以Spero正在削减规模，只在她克里夫兰郊区住处的中档的Dillard百货商店营业，而不是在Neiman Marcus。“不知别的客户是否会弃我而去”，她说。 甚至早在Alan Greenspan承认美国过热的经济正在冷却之前，许多劳动者就已看到了经济渐缓的迹象。由于消费者节制支出，从汽车到Gap，销售额几个月来一直在下滑。对零售商而言，去年24％的年收入源自感恩节到圣诞节之间的营业，谨慎的营销方式适逢关键时刻。专家们已经说了，节日营业额与去年相比，已减缓了7％。(52)然而，还不到敲警钟的时候。消费者似乎只是略有担心，并不恐慌，许多人还说，即使稍微勒紧腰带，他们对经济的长远发展仍然感到乐观。 消费者说，他们并不感到绝望是因为尽管有不少忧患报导，他们的个人财富仍然保持良好。(53)多数地区房价保持平稳。经纪人Barbara Corcoran就说，在曼哈顿地区，“由于主体上受到华尔街奖励措施的刺激，在4，000，000到10，000，000房产区间出现了新一轮的淘金热”。在旧金山，尽管狂热投标已经降温，但房价仍在上涨。一位Bay Area的房地产经纪人曾说，“不再有20到30个投标，现在只会有2、3个投标”。多数人对找到一份好工作仍然信心十足。 (54)许多人看到了经济趋冷的乌云背后的光芒。潜在的住房购买者为低利率欢呼，雇主们对就业市场少了些泡沫也并不在意，消费者似乎受到证券波动的影响，而这些波动在今天的投资者看来是经济持续增长的必然因素。饮食业也会兴旺起来。以前在曼哈顿新开张的Alain Ducasse餐馆订个座是不可能的，现在不了。就此而言，Greenspan&Co. 还是值得夸耀的。 51. [答案] [D] [解析] 这是一道句意题。根据第一段第2句可以反推（中间有But）第1句意思应是：对Spero来说，情况还不太糟。可见，D“Spero还没有处于几乎绝望的状态”为正确答案。 52. [答案] [A] [解析] 本题询问公众对当前经济的看法，为态度题。依据第2段转折词（But）后面几句可知，尽管消费者有点担心，但仍对经济的前景持乐观态度。所以答案为A。选项C有干扰性，但carefree(无忧无虑)显然与第二段末句“mildly concerned”不符合，应排除。 53. [答案] [解析] 本题涉及考生论点与论据的识别能力。第3段作者提出观点“多数地区，房价保持稳定”，紧接着就提出论据，如Manhattan，San Francisco两地的房产经纪人的评论。可见，论据部分的“the $4million to $10million range”所涉及的应是“房产”，故B为正确答案。 54. [答案] [A] [解析] 这是一道细节题。依据末段第2句往后的内容可知，无论是购房者、雇主们还是食客们，大家都乐见经济的“slowdown”，大家都能从中获益，所以答案为A。选项D一味说“消费者的购买力增长”过于片面，应于排除。 55. [答案] [C] [解析] 本题考查作者全文的观点。综合全文可知，作者显然认为，对目前的经济来说，人们应谨慎，但不必恐慌。故此，C为答案。

Text 4

Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education —— not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find. “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Razitch’s latest bock, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.” “Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized —— going to school and learning to read —— so he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”

56. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?

[A] The habit of thinking independently. Profound knowledge of the world. [C] Practical abilities for future career. [D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.

57. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of

[A] undervaluing intellect. favoring intellectualism. [C] supporting school reform. [D] suppressing native intelligence.

58. The views of Ravish and Emerson on schooling are

[A] identical. similar. [C] complementary. [D] opposite.

59. Emerson, according to the text, is probably

[A] a pioneer of education reform. an opponent of intellectualism. [C] a scholar in favor of intellect. [D] an advocate of regular schooling.

60. What does the author think of intellect?

[A] It is second to intelligence. It evolves from common sense. [C] It is to be pursued. [D] It underlies power.

分析： 这是一篇论说文，讨论美国人对学识的厌恶心理。 第一段开门见山的指出，美国人不重视学识，学校里面也一样。 第二和第三段指出，学校应起制约厌恶学识现象的作用。 第四段借用学者的观点，指出美国人厌恶学识的历史民族原因。 第五段介绍了先验论哲学家对厌恶学识现象的推波助澜。 第六段对学识和智力两个概念进行了对照界定。 第七段指出，美国学校厌恶学识的根本原因在于，教育被控制在厌恶学识的人的手中。 参考译文： 今天的美国人不太重视学识，人们崇拜的都是运动员、娱乐明星和企业家，而不是学者。(56)甚至学校也成了让孩子接受实用教育的场所―――不是为了知识而追求知识。学校中广泛存在的反学识现象随处可见。 “学校一直处于实用重于学识的社会之中”，教育问题作者Diane Ravitch就曾说，“学校完全可以（对这种社会思潮）发挥制衡作用的”。Ravitch最新的专著《回顾：一百年来学校改革的失败》探究了学校中反学识倾向的根源，(57)结论认为，学校根本未能制衡美国人对学识追求的厌恶。 但学校是能够并应该做到这一点的。鼓励孩子放弃精神上的追求，会使他们容易被利用和控制。如果孩子们不能批评性地思考，不能维护自己的思想，不能理解其他人的观念，那么他们就不能充分地参与民主社会。照这样下去，作家Earl Shorris认为，“我们的社会就会变成二流社会，社会也就不那么文明”。 “学识被当作权力或特权形式而遭到人们的憎恨”，历史学家Richard Hofstadter在他的《美国生活中的反学识思潮》一书中这样写到，这本书因探究美国政治、宗教和教育中的反学识根源而赢得普利策图书奖。Hofstadter说，从美国历史的开头起，美国的民主化和大众化冲动驱使美国人排斥一切精英文化的东西，实用、常识及本能的智慧被视作比书本中的东西更崇高的素质。 (59)Ralph Waldo Emerson以及其他一些先验论哲学家则认为，学校和僵化的书本学习会抑制孩子们的天性：“我们被关入学校和大学的背书室10或15年之久，出来时一肚子的文化却啥也不懂。”马克.吐温的《Huckleberry Finn》正好诠释了美国人的反学识倾向，书中的主人公拒绝被文明化―――上学读书之类―――因此保持住了自己的善良天性。 在Hofstadter看来，学识不同于本能性的智慧，后者是我们勉强赞赏的一种素质。学识是精神世界中的批评、创造和沉思的一面。智力力图理解、把握、排序和调适，而学识力求审视、沉思、探究、理论、批评和想象。 在学校中，学识仍不被信任。Hofstadter说，我们的教育制度被那些人所牢牢控制，他们“得意而咄咄*人地宣扬自己对学识的敌视，宣扬自己对最缺乏学识孩子的认同”。 56. [答案] [C] [解析] 这是一道细节题，根据第一段第三句可知，美国父母期望孩子到学校学会些实用的技能，C项正是此意，为正确答案。 57. [答案] [A] [解析] 这是一道细节题。依据第二段末句可知，美国人素来厌恶学识追求，答案显然为A。 58. [答案] [D] [解析] 这是一道综合题。对比第二段和第五段可知，这两人的观点正好相反，所以D为正确答案。 59. [答案] [解析] 这是一道简单推论题。根据第五段中Emerson对学校所持的批评言论可知，他一定是学识的反对者，所以答案为B。A项不对，因为文章没说Emerson要对教育进行改革，文章更没有任何依据说他是这一变革的先锋（pioneer）。 60. [答案] [C] [解析] 本题问作者对学识的态度看法。综合全文，尤其是第一段首句和第三段首句，读者能明显看出，作者实际上是赞成对学识的追求和重视的，所以C应为正确答案。

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Part B

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)

The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. (63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.

Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. (64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages ,Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.

61. [结构分析] 这是一个复合句。that引导的整个是宾语从句；which引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的宾语从句。 [词汇难点] “took root”意为“扎根”。 [参考译文] 希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。 62. [结构分析] 这是一个主从复合句。because引导的整个是状语从句，as引导的是状语从句修饰前面的vanished。 [词汇难点] “be obliged to”意为“感激…”；since为副词，意为“自那以后”。 [参考译文] 我们之所以感激他们（两位先驱）， 是因为在此之后， 这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。 63. [结构分析] 这是一个复合句，隐藏着so…that…结构。 [词汇难点] “strikingly”意为“显著的”；“well studied”意为“被充分研究过了的”；“accuse…of…”，意为“指责…做…”。 [参考译文] 这些新近被描述的语言得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责Boas和Sapir编造了材料。 64. [结构分析] 这是一个复合句。开头Being引导的分词结构做句子的原因状语；that引导的是同位语从句，修饰idea。 [词汇难点] develop一词多意，这里为“创立”之意。 [参考译文] Whorf对语言和思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。 65. [结构分析] 这是一个复合句。Whorf…determinism为全句的主句；which引导的定语从句修饰determinism；定语从句中的动词states后有两个that引导的并列的宾语从句。 [词汇难点] determinism意为决定论，考生可根据构词和类似的词汇推敲其意；imprison的引申意为“禁锢”。 [参考译文] Whorf进而相信某种类似语言决定论的观点，其极端说法是：语言禁锢思维，语言的语法结构能对一个社会的文化产生深远的影响。

Interferon

Section Ⅳ Writing

66. Directions:

Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should

1) describe the drawing. 2) interpret its meaning, and. 3) support your view with examples.

You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points) 写作指导：这是一篇图画作文。考生首先应仔细审题：标题，提纲及图画本身。审题既是防止走题，也是为了确定文章的写作主题，同时审题也可帮助确定几个段落的内容安排。本文讨论的主题是：社会发展或人生奋斗过程中，很多时候，终点往往又意味着新的起点。三段内容按提纲要求可大致如下：第一段，描述图画；第二段，举例讨论该图的寓意；第三段，总结概括自己的主题。吴红云老师在其冲刺班及讲义中讲过及其相似的文章。

参考范文：

Wise people used to say that one’s journey through life can be divided into many sections and one finish-line of a section is just the starting-point of another one. This is most vividly illustrated in the given picture, which shows that a young runner, sweating all over, is breasting the tape. Obviously he has reached the finish-line, but as marked on the race-track, the finish-line is also the starting point of another race. It means that the runner will have to embark on another long run. This picture has profound implications for both our society and us human beings. Our country, for example, has developed rapidly in terms of economy and science and technology. We have accomplished in about two decades what other industrial countries used to achieve in a century. But no one can deny that there is still a long way to go before our country becomes a prosperous and powerful one. In other words, what we have achieved today can only serve as the starting point of another long journey of development and progress. The same is true of us human beings. For instance, many of those who take part in the national entrance exams for masters’ programs will be admitted by some graduate schools. For them, it is certainly a happy end or a finish-line. But can anyone deny that the success is also the starting-point of another three years of hard work ? In a word, life is a just cycle of starts and finishes. With this awareness, people can cope with what they will encounter in the future better and confront all the challenges more calmly and confidently.

Interferon

《共产党人发刊词》第一次提出“马克思列宁主义理论和中国革命的实践相结合”思想原则 《中国共产党在民族战争中的地位》——最早提出“是马克思主义在中国具体化”——六届六中全会 《论十大关系》——探索中国社会主义建设道路的任务/“借鉴苏联，走自己的路” 《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》——毛泽东阐述社会主义社会两类矛盾 《将革命进行到底》——第一次提出“人民民主专政” 《改造我们的学习》——“实事求是”解释 《民众大联合》——刊登于《湘江评论》 《兴国土地法》——“没收一切公共土地及地主阶级土地” 《星星之火可以燎原》——1930年毛泽东进一步阐述中国革命新道路的理论著作 《新民主主义论》——抗日战争时期，毛泽东提出建立新民主主义共和国方案 《目前的形势和我们的任务》——新民主主义三大经济纲领 《中国革命与中国共产党》——“农民是中国革命的主力军” 《中国社会各阶层的分析》——阐述新民主主义革命基本思想 《对目前时局的宣言》——和平、民主、团结

中共二大——党初步提出统一战线方针 中共二大——明确提出反帝反封建的革命纲领 中共二大——《关于“民主的联合战线”的决议案》 中共三大——共产党员以个人身份加入国民党 中共四大——提出无产阶级领导权和工农联盟思想 中共七大——毛泽东思想确定为党的指导思想 中共七大——对党的三大优良作风加以概括 中共七大——刘少奇——对毛泽东思想科学全面概括 第三届全国人民代表大会——宣布把我国建设成为四个现代化国家 中共八大提出的经济建设方针——既反保守又反冒进，综合平衡中稳步前进 中共八大提出的国内主要矛盾——人们对于经济文化发展的需要同当前经济文化不能满足的矛盾 中共八大——董必武——健全法律制度 中共七届二中全会——毛泽东首次提出加强执政党自身建设 中共七届二中全会——工作中心由乡村转移到城市 中共七届三中全会——1950年6月毛泽东《不要四面出击》 党“六大”——莫斯科 八七会议——确定土地革命和武装反抗国民党的总方针 八七会议——枪杆子出政权 八七会议——汉口 第一届全国人民代表大会——过渡时期总路线确定为过渡时期总任务 第十一届六中全会——《关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议》6方面 陕甘宁边区参议会第一次会议——第一次确认人民代表大会制度

遵义会议——结束王明左倾 遵义会议——确定毛泽东的党中央领导是正确的 群众路线——中国共产党的根本路线 解放思想，实事求是——共党思想路线的核心内容 独立自主，自力更生——共党革命建设的根本立足点 思想建设——共党（自身）各方面建设的基础 掌握思想教育——团结全党进行伟大政治斗争的中心环节 既要弄清思想，又要团结同志——党内斗争的目的 惩前毖后，治病救人——处理党内矛盾的方针 党的建设要密切联系党的政治路线 从思想上建设党——毛泽东关于党建设理论的核心内容中最主要的特点 毛泽东——把列宁的建党学说发展得最完备 1951年10月——解放全国 1928年10月——《中国的红色政权为什么能够存在》 1928年12月——《井冈山土地法》 1947年——毛泽东提出十大军事原则 1950年土地法——《中华人民共和国土地改革法》 1956年毛泽东提出文化工作基本方针——百花齐放，百家争鸣 1942年延安整风——反对教条主义、宗派主义、党八股 南昌起义——共党独立领导革命战争，创建人民军队的开始 南昌起义——打响反对国民党的第一枪 国际统一战线是中国建设取得胜利的——必要条件 新民主主义社会属于——社会主义体系 新民主主义的政治目标——建立无产阶级领导的各革命阶级联合的专政的民主共和国 新民主主义革命的开端——五四运动 新民主主义革命的指导思想——马克思主义 新民主主义革命总路线核心——无产阶级领导 新民主主义革命的中心内容——没收封建地主土地归农民 新民主统一战线的主体——劳动者联盟 新民主主义统一战线的政治基础——新民主主义革命纲领 新旧民主主义革命的根本区别——革命领导阶级不同 旧民主主义向新民主主义革命转变的标志——五四运动 新民主主义经济的性质——过渡性的经济 新民主主义文化中指导地位的是——共产主义思想 新民主主义社会的国体——几个革命阶级的联合专政 新民主主义社会的政体——民主集中制的人民代表大会制 无产阶级革命的中心任务和最高形式——武装夺取政权，战争解决问题 人民军队建设的根本原则——党指挥枪 毛泽东人民战争战略思想的核心——积极防御的思想 第一次国共合作政治基础和共同纲领——新三民主义 第二次国共合作形成了——抗日民族统一战线 抗日战争初期，党内出现错误倾向——王明新投降主义 互助组、初级社、高级社 探索中国社会主义建设道路的基本方针——调动一切积极因素，建设现代化的社会主义强国 解决社会主义基本矛盾的途径方法——社会主义制度本身 社会主义改造完成后，我国政治生活的主题是——正确处理人民内部矛盾 社会主义改造基本完成后，所有制状况——基本单一的所有制 中国先进分子接受马克思主义——十月革命后 马克思广泛传播——五四运动后 我国社会生产力落后，经济薄弱，首先发展——重工业 “一五计划”——重工业优先 抗日民族统一战线策略总方针——发展进步势力…… 农业、轻工业、重工业 完整准确理解毛泽东思想科学体系——把握整体性 毛泽东思想的建国理论——新民主主义理论 没有毛泽东，还要摸索很长时间——邓小平 帝国主义统治中国的主要社会基础——封建地主阶级 近代中国沦为半半的原因——帝国主义的侵略 “工农武装割据”中心内容——土地革命 人民民主统一战线的组织形式——人民政协 民族资产阶级的两面性——革命性与妥协性 同资产阶级联盟的方针——又联合又斗争 土地革命战争时期，共党在政权上的基本主张——建立工农专政的政权 最早提出全行业公私合营申请的城市——北京 过渡时期总路线的主体——实现社会主义工业化 1951~1952“五反”运动的开展领域——私营工商业 建国后，对富农的政策——保存富农经济 我国社会主义制度的主要特征——公有制 我国政治生活的主题——正确处理人民内部矛盾 五四运动前革命失败的原因——没有先进阶级的科学革命理论指导 中国无产阶级最早诞生于——外国资本在华开办的企业 敌后抗日根据地土地政策——减租减息 “可以消灭了资本主义，又搞资本主义”——邓子恢 农业生产责任制——邓子恢 建国初期，建立社会主义国营经济的主要途径是——没收官僚资本 中国工人阶级独立登上历史舞台——五四运动中 标志中国半半形成——辛丑条约 标志中国半半起点——南京条约 《在晋绥干部会议上的讲话》推翻——官僚资本主义——提出新民主主义革命总路线及纲领 茶陵县工农兵政府 土地革命时期，党在革命根据地建立的政权——工农共和国 建国初，现代化工业——10% 党的阶级基础——工人阶级 毛泽东思想开始成熟于——土地革命战争后期，抗日战争时期 实现无产阶级领导权的根本保证是——加强无产阶级政党的建设 党思想建设的基本原则——坚持对党员进行思想教育作为中心环节 “民主集中制是党的群众路线在组织建设上的反映”——刘少奇 既联合又斗争——保持无产阶级领导权的基本策略 60年代，“关键在于科学技术现代化”——周恩来 毛泽东思想形成的标志——农村包围城市、武装夺取政权 邓小平创建的革命根据地——左右江根据地 成分最复杂的战线——抗日民族统一战线 毛泽东在文革中提出的正确理论——三个世界的划分 无产阶级领导权的中心问题——对农民的领导 中国革命统一战线的基础——建立巩固工农联盟 左倾——对待民族资产阶级问题上 第一个民族自治区——内蒙古

Interferon

Section ⅠUse of English

Directions:

Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1?(10 points)

News reports often focus on disputes among scientists over the validity of preliminary(untested) data, hypotheses, and models (which by definition are tentative).This aspect of science—1 because it has not been widely2 and accepted—is called frontier science. The media3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “breakthroughs” make good news stories. Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science,5 ,does not mean that it isn’t worthy of serious consideration;6 ,such matters need further study to determine their 7.

8 contrast, consensus science consists of data, models, theories, and laws that are widely accepted. This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy. The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science, without 11.The media preference12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain conclusions, which may or may not be correct.

However,15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable, members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain. We need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences. One way to find out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology.

1. ［A］ controversial ［B］ suspicious ［C］ debatable ［D］ untrustworthy

2. ［A］ checked ［B］ tested ［C］ approved ［D］ confirmed

3. ［A］ prefer ［B］ tempt ［C］ intend ［D］ tend

4. ［A］ hedge ［B］ circle ［C］ realm ［D］ scope

5. ［A］ thereby ［B］ however ［C］ moreover ［D］ notwithstanding

6. ［A］ rather ［B］ otherwise ［C］ anyway ［D］ furthermore

7. ［A］ integrity ［B］availability ［C］ reliability ［D］ controversy

8. ［A］ By ［B］ To ［C］ On ［D］ For

9. ［A］ merely ［B］ oddly ［C］ fairly ［D］ rarely

10. ［A］ refer ［B］ indicate ［C］modify ［D］ describe

11. ［A］ discrimination ［B］ distinction ［C］ exception ［D］ presumption

12. ［A］ to ［B］on ［C］ for ［D］with

13. ［A］ fancy ［B］ false ［C］ vivid ［D］ virtual

14. ［A］ presents ［B］reaches ［C］ provides ［D］ grants

15. ［A］ until ［B］ unless ［C］ when ［D］ while

16. ［A］ imagine ［B］ conclude ［C］ predict ［D］ perceive

17. ［A］ identically ［B］ uniformly ［C］ cautiously ［D］ seriously

18. ［A］ on ［B］ to ［C］ with ［D］ in

19. ［A］ summarize ［B］ systematize ［C］ recognize ［D］ revitalize

20. ［A］ latent ［B］ intact ［C］ odd ［D］ key

Interferon

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Part of the scientific faith of the late nineteenth century was the view that there was one and only one scientific method. This method, argued writers like Karl Pearson in his Grammar of Science, was the only sure method for arriving at knowledge in any sphere. The method was easily described: collect the facts in the area under study; order them into sequences, such that law like occurrences could be seen; then, write down the laws so identified. According to this view, disciplines differed only as to subject matter, since the unity of science consisted of its method alone. Also, according to this view, the results of scientific investigation(that is, new knowledge)will always be embodied in the form of a law connecting the facts in the area under study.

Explanation, according to this view, is simply accounting for facts on the basis of a deduction from a known law or laws, or accounting for some subordinate law on the basis of a deduction from some more general law or laws. The most influential formulation of this explanation is Carl G?Hempel?s,perhaps most accessibly articulated in his article“Explanation in Science and History.” Sometimes, according to Hempel,such laws are of a strictly universal form and other times they are of a probabilistic or statistical form.They are assertions,in this latter case,of the kind that if certain specified conditions are realized then an occurrence of such and such a kind will come about with such and such a probability.

I think that it would be true to say that in the late nineteenth century it was felt that one feature distinguishing physics from history as a discipline was that,even if they shared exactly the same method,physics had no need for the latter kind of probabilistic explanation—at least in principle—while in history it was unavoidable.

However,in the twentieth century,whatever else may distinguish physics and history as disciplines it is not that physics uses only strictly universal laws and deductive explanations in the nineteenth?century sense,while history does not.The physics of this century,from 1900 onward,has been interested in aggregates（集成体） of certain classes of physical individuals(the particles)and in accounts of the individuals that would enable one to understand the aggregates.As a consequence partly of this (necessary)interest in statistical data pertaining to the very small,as well as for a number of other reasons,physicists have tended to formulate the mechanics of the very small in terms of equations in which probabilistic notions are fundamental.

21. According to Karl Pearson, only one scientific method

［A］ prevailed in every field of study during 1890?s.

［B］ directed the collection and arrangement of facts.

［C］ served as a unique element uniting all disciplines.

［D］ made the identification of new knowledge plausible.

22 As stated by Hempel,general laws are

［A］ based on detailed accounts of actual facts.

［B］ composed of subordinate laws by deduction.

［C］ realized in probabilistic or statistic form.

［D］ applied to all cases or under certain conditions.

23.The author feels sure of the truth that in 19th century

［A］ physics and history shared a common feature.

［B］ the same method blended history with physics.

［C］ statistical laws were compatible with physics.

［D］ probabilistic method was inapplicable to history.

24.In the 20th century,it was true that

［A］ universal laws ceased to belong merely to physics.

［B］ deductive explanations became dominant in history.

［C］ distinction between history and physics turned obscure.

［D］ statistical explanations were adopted by physicists.

25.In the study of physical particles,

［A］ statistical information accounts for the interest in aggregates.

［B］ probabilistic conceptions result from their formulation.

［C］ description of their mechanics is based on statistical data.

［D］ physical equations are accountable for probabilistic ideas.