一套考研英语模拟题

Interferon

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Interferon

Section ⅠUse of English

Directions:

Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1?(10 points)

News reports often focus on disputes among scientists over the validity of preliminary(untested) data,hypotheses,and models (which by definition are tentative).This aspect of science—1 because it has not been widely2 and accepted—is called frontier science.The media3 to focus on frontier science because its so-called “breakthroughs” make good news stories.Just because something is in the 4 of frontier science,5 ,does not mean that it isn’t worthy of serious consideration;6 ,such matters need further study to determine their 7.

8 contrast,consensus science consists of data,models,theories,and laws that are widely accepted.This aspect of science is very reliable but is 9 considered newsworthy.The trouble is that the word science is used to 10 both frontier and consensus science,without 11.The media preference12 frontier science gives the public the 13 impression that frontier science 14 very certain conclusions,which may or may not be correct.

However,15 some frontier science is later shown to be unreliable,members of the public often falsely 16 that consensus science is also quite uncertain.We need to take both frontier and consensus science 17 but recognize their differences.One way to find out what scientists generally agree 18 is to seek out reports by scientific bodies that attempt to 19 consensus in 20 areas of science and technology.

1. ［A］ controversial ［B］ suspicious ［C］ debatable ［D］ untrustworthy

2. ［A］ checked ［B］ tested ［C］ approved ［D］ confirmed

3. ［A］ prefer ［B］ tempt ［C］ intend ［D］ tend

4. ［A］ hedge ［B］ circle ［C］ realm ［D］ scope

5. ［A］ thereby ［B］ however ［C］ moreover ［D］ notwithstanding

6. ［A］ rather ［B］ otherwise ［C］ anyway ［D］ furthermore

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7. ［A］ integrity ［B］availability ［C］ reliability ［D］ controversy

8. ［A］ By ［B］ To ［C］ On ［D］ For

9. ［A］ merely ［B］ oddly ［C］ fairly ［D］ rarely

10. ［A］ refer ［B］ indicate ［C］modify ［D］ describe

11. ［A］ discrimination ［B］ distinction ［C］ exception ［D］ presumption

12. ［A］ to ［B］on ［C］ for ［D］with

13. ［A］ fancy ［B］ false ［C］ vivid ［D］ virtual

14. ［A］ presents ［B］reaches ［C］ provides ［D］ grants

15. ［A］ until ［B］ unless ［C］ when ［D］ while

16. ［A］ imagine ［B］ conclude ［C］ predict ［D］ perceive

17. ［A］ identically ［B］ uniformly ［C］ cautiously ［D］ seriously

18. ［A］ on ［B］ to ［C］ with ［D］ in

19. ［A］ summarize ［B］ systematize ［C］ recognize ［D］ revitalize

20. ［A］ latent ［B］ intact ［C］ odd ［D］ key

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Part of the scientific faith of the late nineteenth century was the view that there was one and only one scientific method.This method,argued writers like Karl Pearson in his Grammar of Science,was the only sure method for arriving at knowledge in any sphere.The method was easily described:collect the facts in the area under study;order them into sequences,such that law?like occurrences could be seen;then,write down the laws so identified.According to this view,disciplines differed only as to subject matter,since the unity of science consisted of its method alone.Also,according to this view,the results of scientific investigation(that冲刺

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is,new knowledge)will always be embodied in the form of a law connecting the facts in the area under study.

Explanation,according to this view,is simply accounting for facts on the basis of a deduction from a known law or laws,or accounting for some subordinate law on the basis of a deduction from some more general law or laws.The most influential formulation of this explanation is Carl G?Hempel?s,perhaps most accessibly articulated in his article“Explanation in Science and History.” Sometimes,according to Hempel,such laws are of a strictly universal form and other times they are of a probabilistic or statistical form.They are assertions,in this latter case,of the kind that if certain specified conditions are realized then an occurrence of such and such a kind will come about with such and such a probability.

I think that it would be true to say that in the late nineteenth century it was felt that one feature distinguishing physics from history as a discipline was that,even if they shared exactly the same method,physics had no need for the latter kind of probabilistic explanation—at least in principle—while in history it was unavoidable.

However,in the twentieth century,whatever else may distinguish physics and history as disciplines it is not that physics uses only strictly universal laws and deductive explanations in the nineteenth?century sense,while history does not.The physics of this century,from 1900 onward,has been interested in aggregates（集成体） of certain classes of physical individuals(the particles)and in accounts of the individuals that would enable one to understand the aggregates.As a consequence partly of this (necessary)interest in statistical data pertaining to the very small,as well as for a number of other reasons,physicists have tended to formulate the mechanics of the very small in terms of equations in which probabilistic notions are fundamental.

21. According to Karl Pearson,only one scientific method

［A］ prevailed in every field of study during 1890?s.

［B］ directed the collection and arrangement of facts.

［C］ served as a unique element uniting all disciplines.

［D］ made the identification of new knowledge plausible.

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22 As stated by Hempel,general laws are

［A］ based on detailed accounts of actual facts.

［B］ composed of subordinate laws by deduction.

［C］ realized in probabilistic or statistic form.

［D］ applied to all cases or under certain conditions.

23.The author feels sure of the truth that in 19th century

［A］ physics and history shared a common feature.

［B］ the same method blended history with physics.

［C］ statistical laws were compatible with physics.

［D］ probabilistic method was inapplicable to history.

24.In the 20th century,it was true that

［A］ universal laws ceased to belong merely to physics.

［B］ deductive explanations became dominant in history.

［C］ distinction between history and physics turned obscure.

［D］ statistical explanations were adopted by physicists.

25.In the study of physical particles,

［A］ statistical information accounts for the interest in aggregates.

［B］ probabilistic conceptions result from their formulation.

［C］ description of their mechanics is based on statistical data.

［D］ physical equations are accountable for probabilistic ideas.

Text 2

Throughout history, gold has been a precious material, eagerly sought and cherished. It was probably the first metal to be mined because it is beautiful and imperishable (which will always exist or cannot wear out), and because beautiful objects can be made from it—even with primitive tools. The amount of gold known to ancient peoples probably totaled not much more than the amount produced each year by the world?s largest gold mine located in the Witwatersrand district of South Africa. Stores of gold discovered by archaeologists in Greece, Scythia, and Egypt, as well as the gold from Indian treasuries in Mexico and Peru,

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represented years of patient collection of small quantities from streams and veins (矿脉), often by slave labor.

The essential value of gold has always been known, even before gold was used in coinage. It remains the only universally recognized standard of value in international monetary exchange. Most of the world’s refined gold is absorbed by governments and central banks to provide backing for paper currency. But the amount of gold used in arts and in industry is increasing. In addition to its use for jewelry, decorative finishes, and dentistry, its special properties have led to many applications in modern science and technology. Surface coatings of gold protect earth satellites from heat and corrosion, and certain electrical components and circuits of spacecraft are made of gold when extreme reliability is required.

Gold was first produced in the United States from the southern Appalachian region, beginning about 1792. These deposits, though rich, were relatively small and were quickly depleted. The discovery of gold at Sutter’s Mill in California sparked the gold rush of 1849—50. Hundreds of mining camps sprang to life as new deposits were discovered. As a result, the production of gold increased rapidly.

During World War Ⅰ and for some years thereafter, annual production declined to about two million ounces. When the price of gold was raised in 1934 to ＄35 an ounce, production increased rapidly. Shortly after the start of World War Ⅱ, gold mines were closed and the government did not permit them to reopen until 1945. Since then the production of gold has not exceeded two million ounces a year.

The largest producing gold mine in the United States is the Homestake Mine in South Dakota, which yields about 575,000 ounces of gold each year. Other mines scattered throughout various parts of the world produce even larger amounts of this highly prized and eagerly sought yellowish material.

26.With respect to gold, the author favors the statement that

［Ａ］ its beauty and imperishability made it the first to be discovered among all metals.

［B］ rich deposits of it were found by archaeologists in ancient Greece and Egypt.

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［C］ primitive people must have learned to make fine ornaments from the precious metal.

［D］ Indian treasuries in Mexico and Peru were collected by slaves from brooks and veins.

27. According to the text, which of the following is true?

［Ａ］ Surface coatings of gold protect earth satellites from radiation.

［B］ Most of the world’s refined gold is used for currency backing.

［C］ The world’s largest gold mine is located in South Dakota, U.S.

［D］ The mining of gold can be traced back to the feudal age.

28. The author suggests that

［Ａ］ the U.S. is the largest producer of gold in the world.

［B］ ancient peoples collected gold in considerable amounts.

［C］ gold was first mined in the U.S. in the mid 1700s.

［D］ governments keep the production of gold under control.

29. To develop his ideas, the author uses

［Ａ］ arguments and proofs.

［B］ personal opinions.

［C］ convincing examples.

［D］ factual descriptions.

30. It can be inferred from the text that

［Ａ］ gold supplies are judged to be shrinking gradually.

［B］ dentistry is demanding much more gold now than ever before.

［C］ the yield of gold has been increasing since mid 1950s.

［D］ gold has been highly valued as a strategic material.

Text 3

Maybe it?s a sign of a mature mind when some of life’s bigger questions—about love,faith,ambition—suddenly seem more manageable than smaller ones,such as:Why did I just open the refrigerator?Where on earth did I put my keys?Where did I write down that phone number?

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Our capacity for storing and recalling information does not stream down like sand through an hourglass,as neurologists once believed.On the contrary,new research suggests that,when stimulated in the right way,brains of almost any age can give birth to cells and forge fresh pathways to file away new information.This emerging picture has not only encouraged those who treat and care for the 5% of older adults who have dementia（痴呆症）such as Alzheimer’s disease,but also generated a wave of optimism among those studying memory changes in the other 95%,as well as an increasing public fascination with “memory enhancement” dietary supplements,books and brain?improving techniques.

The slight failures of memory that many of us attribute to a failing brain are often due to something entirely different:anxiety,sleep problems,depression,even heart disease.The biological nuts and bolts of learning and memory in fact change little over time in healthy people,researcher say.“There’s very little cell loss,and structurally all the machinery is there,even very late in life,”said a neuroscientist Greg Cole.It?s the cells? speed and ability to send and receive signals that diminish gradually,which is what makes the mind go blank when trying to recall familiar words and names.

For more than a decade,researchers have known that people who have active,intellectually challenging lives are less likely to develop dementia than those who do not.Part of this difference is attributable to intelligence,some doctors believe:The more you start with,the longer it takes to lose it.And new evidence suggests that the act of using your brain is in itself protective,no matter who you are.

All of the activities,such as reading newspapers,watching TV,playing games,etc.,can improve people?s scores on standard tests measuring recall of numbers and names,experts say.They also acknowledge,however,that there is a big difference between playing chess with a friend and doing a mental exercise,such as memorizing numbers.One is an organic part of a person?s life,the other a purely intellectual exercise,done in isolation.The first is fun;the second,often,is a tiring task.

31. According to the text,adult persons usually

［A］ stress the settlement of bigger problems.

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［B］ focus their attention on great issues.

［C］ overlook the remembrance of trivial things.

［D］ suffer memory decline related to age.

32. According to new research,it?s distinct that

［A］ our brain cells can be producible.

［B］ our memory may be renewable.

［C］ most mental illnesses are curable.

［D］ brain?mending methods are available.

33. The phrase “nuts and bolts” in Par.3 most probably means

［A］ basic structures.

［B］ complex tasks.

［C］ practical aspects.

［D］ working parts.

34. As asserted by researchers,our inability to memorize words or names mainly

［A］ results from the declining efficiency of brain cells.

［B］ results in the brain?s liability to radical interference.

［C］ consists of different mental disorders.

［D］ consists in various emotional problems.

35. Experts suggest that the best way to avoid memory failures is

［A］ to take more dietary supplements.

［B］ to keep mental function alive.

［C］ to find an intellectual occupation.

［D］ to do more intellectual exercises.

Text 4

Non-indigenous (non-native) species of plants and animals arrive by way of two general types of pathways. First, species having origins outside the United States may enter the country and become established either as free-living populations or under human cultivation—for example, in agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, or as pets. Some cultivated species

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subsequently escape or are released and also become established as free-living populations. Second, species of either U.S. or foreign origin and already within the United States may spread to new locales. Pathways of both types include intentional as well as unintentional species transfers. Rates of species movement driven by human transformations of natural environments as well as by human mobility—through commerce, tourism, and travel—greatly exceed natural rates by comparison. While geographic distributions of species naturally expand or contract over historical time intervals(tens to hundreds of years), species- ranges rarely expand thousands of miles or across physical barriers such as oceans or mountains.

Habitat modification can create conditions favorable to the establishment of non-indigenous species. Soil disturbed in construction and agriculture is open for colonization by non-indigenous weeds, which in turn may provide habitats for the non-indigenous insects that evolved with them. Human-generated changes in fire frequency, grazing intensity, as well as soil stability and nutrient levels similarly facilitate the spread and establishment of non-indigenous plants. When human changes to natural environments span large geographical areas, they effectively create passages for species movement between previously isolated locales. The rapid spread of the Russian wheat aphid to fifteen states in just two years following its 1986 arrival has been attributed in part to the prevalence of alternative host plants that are available when wheat is not. Many of these are non-indigenous grasses recommended for planting on the forty million or more acres enrolled in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation Reserve Program.

A number of factors perplex quantitative evaluation of the relative importance of various entry pathways. Time lags often occur between establishment of non-indigenous species and their detection, and tracing the pathway for a long-established species is difficult. Experts estimate that non-indigenous weeds are usually detected only after having been in the country for thirty years or having spread to at least ten thousand acres. In addition, federal port inspection, although a major source of information on non-indigenous species pathways, especially for agriculture pests, provides data only when such species enter via closely-examined routes. Finally, some comparisons between pathways defy

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quantitative analysis—for example, which is more “important”： the entry path of one very harmful species or one by which many but less harmful species enter the country?

36.Which of the following statements about species movement is best supported by the text?

［A］ Human factors affect species movement rates more than its long-term amount.

［B］ Natural expansions of species account for their slow natural contractions.

［C］ Natural environments created by human activities contribute much to species movement.

［D］ Long-range movement of species depends on the geographic extent of human mobility.

37-According to the text, the U.S. Department of Agriculture

［A］ contributed to the fast distribution of the Russian wheat aphid to broad areas.

［B］ failed to isolate the Russian wheat aphid in limited locales.

［C］ provides data about foreign species entering the country by regulated routes.

［D］ is responsible for introducing harmful plants onto federal lands.

38.It can be inferred that all of the following affect the movement of species EXCEPT

［A］ earth fertility.

［B］ import restrictions.

［C］ natural obstacles.

［D］ fire disasters.

39.To determine the entry pathway for a non-native species is LEAST likely to depend on

［A］ whether the species is considered to be a pest.

［B］ whether the species enters by a closely-checked route.

［C］ the rate at which the species extends geographically.

［D］ the magnitude of the average number of the species.

40-Which of the following may best express the chief purpose of the last paragraph?

［A］ To explain the difficulties in tracing the pathways for long-established species.

［B］ To describe the events usually leading to the detection of a non-indigenous species.

［C］ To identify the problems in assessing the weight of entry tracks for foreign

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species.

［D］ To discuss the role of time lags and geographic expansion of species in species

detection.

Part B

Directions:

In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

If you fail to stoke a fire,its flames at some time will die.Yet the great fire of the Sun has burned nonstop for about 5000 million years with no apparent sign of going out.41).__

People in many cultures regarded the Sun as a miraculous gift from the gods,quite different from earthly fires and therefore not likely to fail them unless the gods were made angry.We now know that the Sun will eventually burn away.42).__

The Sun is composed of almost 75 per cent hydrogen and 25 per cent helium,plus much smaller amounts of oxygen,carbon,neon,nitrogen,magnesium,iron and silicon.It is known as a main sequence star,one that shines by burning hydrogen.43).__ Thus, the Sun is both burning fuel and creating it. As the hydrogen store diminishes,its stock of helium grows.The light and heat coming now from the Sun were actually produced in its core many millions of years ago.

When we burn fuel on a fire,we are converting matter—wood or coal—partly into energy.The more efficient the fire,the more heat it produces.44).__This loss of hydrogen is slight when compared to the Sun?s enormous bulk.Even though it is composed of light gas,the Sun weighs some 300,000 times as much as the Earth.And it loses about 4 million tones of matter every second.

45).__

If that sounds depressing,take heart!If the Sun switched off its power tomorrow,it would be ten million years years before its surface cooled sufficiently for anybody on Earth to feel

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the chill.In 5000 million years? time,humans may well have found an answer to impending doom.

［A］ We,one earth,soak up a tiny fraction—perhaps one?hundred?millionth—of the Sun?s vast energy.The rest of its awesome output of heat and light vanishes beyond the planets and into space.

［B］ Scientists predict that the Sun has enough hydrogen to keep the fire going for another 5000 million years,about as long again as it has already burned. It will then gradually,like the heart of a dying fire,change color,turning in this case from white to yellow and red until,finally,as a black dwarf,it disappears from sight.

［C］ The Earth?s atmosphere,which normally shields it from the intense heat of the Sun,would drift away. Then the Earth’s oceans would boil and vanish in steam.Without the cooling effect of its atmosphere and oceans,Earth itself would turn into a massive ball of fire.

［D］ At the Sun’s heart,the hydrogen was once compressed with such force that it started a nuclear reaction.In this giant furnace,the hydrogen is converted by nuclear fusion into another combustible gas,helium,in a reaction similar to that in an H?bomb.

［E］ Before its great fire dies,the Sun will turn into a red giant,bloated(swollen)to about 100 times its current size.It will swallow up Mercury and then Venus,the nearest to it planets.

［F］ The Sun is an extremely efficient furnace,but even so the helium it generates to keep the great fire going is only 92.3 per cent of the hydrogen it burns.The other 7.7 per cent vanishes in several forms of energy,mainly heat,light and X?rays.

［G］ Tests show that its temperature fluctuates.Since 1979,it seems to have cooled by one?tenth of per cent,but that is not a sign that the great fire is going out.Space scientists believe that,because of the Sun’s volatile nature,this minor change may soon be reversed.

Part C

Directions:

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Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

No painter can produce a good canvas without a broad knowledge of what has been painted before him, 46) no architect can plan a meaningful building except as he has spent time in considering the architecture of the past, and no writer can produce good writing without a sure sense of what has been accomplished in the past within his form.

Nor does one learn the past of his form only to adhere to it. Such an adherence, if overdone, would be a death in itself. I mean, rather, that it is impossible to venture meaningful innovation unless one knows what he is innovating from. 47) With no exception I am able to think of, the best innovators in our literature have been those who best knew their past tradition.

I am saying simply that a writer must learn to read. He must read widely and thoughtfully, and he must learn to read not as an amateur spectator but as an engaged professional. 48) Just as the football coach sees more of the play than do the amateur spectators, so the writer must learn to see more of what is happening under the surface of the story than does the reader who simply yields to the story. William Dean Howells, then editor of The Atlantic, gave what he intended as a supreme admiration to one of Mark Twain?s books when he reported that he had begun the book and for the first time in many years had found himself reading as a reader rather than as an editor.

49) A happy preference and a gracious compliment, but once the writer has allowed himself that much it becomes his duty to reread the book with his glasses on—not only to enter into the story of the writing, but to identify the devices (i.e., the inventions) by which the story was created and made to work upon him. 50) And here, too, he must experience his essential deceit, for the best reading is exactly that reading in which the passion of the story and the awareness of its technical management arrive at the same time.

Section Ⅲ Writing

Part A

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51. Directions:

You are a college graduate in Law. Write a letter to a law office to apply for a position,which should include：

1) the position of your application,

2) the reason of your interest in the job，

3) your related knowledge,skills and experience.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

Part B

52. Directions:

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should

1) describe the picture,

2) interpret its meaning,and

3) state your plan to do so.

You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)