1、HBV不通过食物和水传播
许多关于HBV的误传,通常的误解就是HBV可以像甲肝一样通过水和食物传播。这是不对的。
HBV不通过如下方式传播:
* 聚餐和喝水
* 公用餐具和饮酒
* 眼泪,汗液,尿液和粪便
* 咳嗽和喷嚏
* 拥抱和亲吻
* 母乳喂养
* 蚊虫叮咬
没有理由歧视HBV携带者
没有任何理由让你远离乙肝感染者。慢性乙肝感染者不应当从工作,学校和其他日常活动中被隔离。
HBV is NOT transmitted through food or water
here are many myths about how HBV is transmitted. A common misconception is that HBV can be spread through contaminated food or water, like the hepatitis A virus. his is not true.
HBV is NOT spread through:
* sharing food or water
* sharing eating utensils or drinking
* tears, sweat, urine or stool
* coughing or sneezing
* hugging or kissing
* breastfeeding
* mosquitoes
Do not discriminate against people with HBV
There is no reason to distance yourself from people infected with HBV. People with chronic HBV infection should not be excluded from work, school or other daily activities.
(摘自美国斯坦福大学医学院亚裔肝病研究中心的《医生指导书》,2007年) liver.stanford.edu/Media/publications/Handbook/2007Handbook.pdf
2、乙肝病毒携带者Chronic Hepatitis B Carrier
The hepatitis B surface antigen(HbsAg),也就是乙型肝炎表面抗原。
是1963年在澳大利亚土著人的血清中首先发现的,故开始被称为澳大利亚抗原,即很长一段时间内人们一直说的“奥抗”。但不管一阳还是三阳,还是五阳,只要这个HbsAg是加号,那么就是乙型肝炎表面抗原乙肝病毒携带者。
3、HBV,HBV-DNA
Hepatitis B virus, abbreviated HBV,肝炎乙型病毒(英文顺序)得三个英文单词第一个字母的组合。
2002年的WHO关于乙肝全面介绍刚浏览完,还有一个斯坦福医学院亚裔肝病中心的医生指引,两个文件都是英文版的pfd格式,文件都比较大,就暂时不上传了。下个星期,我开始看看那个医生指引,也会到其他的医学院和医疗机构查点相关的资料,并在这儿做点笔记。
刚核对了一下维基百科上面的中英文,中文基本同国内网站一样,英文版本同中文版本相差较大,而且英文比较详细。过几天,我把英文版本中,几个指标的变化和对应的发展过程写成中文,在这儿做个笔记。
维基百科上面“Hepatitis B in China”有“肝胆相照”这个网站的介绍。
Social impact
[edit] Discrimination
Hepatitis B sufferers in China frequently face discrimination in all aspects of life and work. For example, many Chinese employers and universities refuse to accept anyone who tests positive. Some kindergartens refuse admission to children who are carriers of the virus. The hepatitis problem is a reflection of the vast developmental gap between China's rural and urban areas. The largest problem facing Chinese people infected with HBV is that illegal blood testing is required by most employers in China. Anyone that tests positive is either denied employment or fired. Laws do exist to protect the privacy of employees and job seekers but they are not enforced.
歧视
中国大陆的乙肝患者经常在生活和工作的方方面面遭受歧视。例如,许多中国雇主和大学拒绝接受乙肝表面阳性携带者。许多幼儿园拒绝接纳携带病毒的儿童。肝炎问题是中国城乡巨大鸿沟的一个反映。感染了HBV的中国人在国内面临的最大的问题就是许多雇主要求的非法血液检测。测试为阳性的人可能或者被拒绝雇用,或者被解雇。法律的确保护雇员和寻求工作的人的隐私,但是这些法律并没有被执行。
[edit] "In the Hepatitis B Camp"
"In the Hepatitis B Camp" is a popular website for hepatitis B carriers' human rights in China. Its online forum is the world's biggest such forum with over 300,000 members. The website was first shut down by the Chinese government in November 2007. Lu Jun, the head of the rights group, managed to reopen the website by moving it to an overseas server, but the authorities in May 2008 began blocking access to the website within China, only 10 days after government officials participated in an event for World Hepatitis Day at the Great Wall of China. An official had told the head of the rights group, Lu Jun, at the time that the closure was due to the Beijing Olympic Games.
这个涉及到“肝胆相照”这个网站,或许较敏感,不翻译了。
The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is most frequently used to screen for the presence of this infection. It is the first detectable viral antigen to appear during infection. However, early in an infection, this antigen may not be present and it may be undetectable later in the infection as it is being cleared by the host. The infectious virion contains an inner "core particle" enclosing viral genome. The icosahedral core particle is made of 180 or 240 copies of core protein, alternatively known as hepatitis B core antigen, or HBcAg. During this 'window' in which the host remains infected but is successfully clearing the virus, IgM antibodies to the hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc IgM) may be the only serological evidence of disease.
Shortly after the appearance of the HBsAg, another antigen named as the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) will appear. Traditionally, the presence of HBeAg in a host's serum is associated with much higher rates of viral replication and enhanced infectivity; however, variants of the hepatitis B virus do not produce the 'e' antigen, so this rule does not always hold true. During the natural course of an infection, the HBeAg may be cleared, and antibodies to the 'e' antigen (anti-HBe) will arise immediately afterwards. This conversion is usually associated with a dramatic decline in viral replication.
If the host is able to clear the infection, eventually the HBsAg will become undetectable and will be followed by IgG antibodies to the hepatitis B surface antigen and core antigen, (anti-HBs and anti HBc IgG). The time between the removal of the HBsAg and the appearance of anti-HBs is called the window period. A person negative for HBsAg but positive for anti-HBs has either cleared an infection or has been vaccinated previously.
Individuals who remain HBsAg positive for at least six months are considered to be hepatitis B carriers.Carriers of the virus may have chronic hepatitis B, which would be reflected by elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels and inflammation of the liver, as revealed by biopsy. Carriers who have seroconverted to HBeAg negative status, particularly those who acquired the infection as adults, have very little viral multiplication and hence may be at little risk of long-term complications or of transmitting infection to others.
PCR tests have been developed to detect and measure the amount of HBV DNA, called the viral load, in clinical specimens. These tests are used to assess a person's infection status and to monitor treatment. Individuals with high viral loads, characteristically have ground glass hepatocytes on biopsy.
基于我个人的长期检查结果HBV DNA 均正常,"e"抗原(HBeAg)-阴性,前S1抗原阳性(Pre-S1),05年B超体检出现脾偏大的结论,然后记忆中尿液开始带有黄色是从高中或者大学开始的,(现在每天喝点适量的白开水,尿液是清的,否则略带黄色)刷牙呕吐或者气味过浓的卫生间时常恶心是在大学之后出现的,最近半年到一年刷牙好像没有呕吐的感觉了。