“ Further experiments in vitro showed that HBsAg or HBV directly induced the expression of PD-L1 and HLA-E and the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines of monocytes from healthy adults[11].
Li H, Zhai N, Wang Z, Song H, Yang Y, Cui A, Li T, Wang G, Niu J, Crispe IN, Su L, Tu Z. Regulatory NK cells mediated between immunosuppressive monocytes and dysfunctional T cells in chronic HBV infection. Gut. 2018;67:2035–2044