Viral Hepatitis
Chronic Hepatitis C Virus infection subverts vaccine induced T-cell immunity in humans
Christabel Kelly1,7,†, Leo Swadling1,†, Stefania Capone2, Anthony Brown1, Rachel Richardson1, John Halliday1,7, Annette von Delft1, Ye Oo3, David Mutimer3, Ayako Kurioka1, Felicity Hartnell1, Jane Collier7, Virginia Ammendola2, Mariarosaria Del Sorbo2, Fabiana Grazioli2, Maria Luisa Esposito2, Stefania Di Marco2, Loredana Siani2, Cinzia Traboni2, Adrian V.S. Hill1,8, Stefano Colloca2, Alfredo Nicosia2,4,5, Riccardo Cortese6, Antonella Folgori2, Paul Klenerman1,7,8 andEleanor Barnes1,7,8,*
Accepted Article (Accepted, unedited articles published online and citable. The final edited and typeset version of record will appear in future.)
Article has an altmetric score of 2
1 Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
2 ReiThera Srl (former Okairos Srl), Rome, Italy
3 Department of Hepatology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
4 CEINGE, via Gaetano Salvatore 486, Naples, Italy
5 Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
6 Keires AG, Basel, Switzerland
7 Oxford NIHR BRC, and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford, UK
8 The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
† equal contribution
*Corresponding author: Prof. Eleanor Barnes, Peter Medawar Building, South Parks Rd, Oxford, UK, OX1 3SY
Keywords:
vaccination;adenovirus;immunotherapy;HCV;T cells
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors encoding hepatitis C virus (HCV) non-structural proteins induce multi-specific, high-magnitude, durable CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses in healthy volunteers. We now assess the capacity of these vaccines to induce functional HCV-specific immune responses and determine T-cell cross-reactivity to endogenous virus in patients with chronic HCV infection. HCV genotype-1 infected patients were vaccinated using heterologous adenoviral vectors (ChAd3-NSmut and Ad6-NSmut) encoding HCV non-structural proteins in a dose-escalation, prime-boost regimen, with and without concomitant pegylated interferon-α/ribavirin therapy. Analysis of immune responses ex vivo used human leukocyte antigen class-I pentamers, intracellular cytokine staining and fine mapping in interferon-γ ELISpot assays. Cross reactivity of T-cells with population and endogenous viral variants was determined following viral sequence analysis. Compared to healthy volunteers, the magnitude of HCV specific T-cell responses following vaccination was markedly reduced. CD8+ HCV specific T-cell responses were detected in 15/24 patients at the highest dose, whereas CD4+ T-cell responses were rarely detectable. Analysis of the host circulating viral sequence showed that T-cell responses were rarely elicited when there was sequence homology between vaccine immunogen and endogenous virus. In contrast, T-cells were induced in the context of genetic mismatch between vaccine immunogen and endogenous virus; however, these commonly failed to recognise circulating epitope variants and had a distinct partially-functional phenotype. Vaccination was well tolerated but had no significant effect on HCV viral load.
Conclusion: Vaccination with potent HCV adenoviral vectored vaccines fails to restore T-cell immunity except where there is genetic mismatch between vaccine immunogen and endogenous virus. This highlights the major challenge of overcoming T-cell exhaustion in the context of persistent antigen exposure with implications for cancer and other persistent infections. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
我的理解,这篇文章并非强调选择正确的病毒抗原对治疗性疫苗的重要性。事实上,“This highlights the major challenge of overcoming T-cell exhaustion in the context of persistent antigen exposure with implications for cancer and other persistent infections”。 即在患者体内存在病毒抗原持续表达的情况下,克服抗原特异性T的细胞的耗竭(激活相应的抗原特异性T细胞)是非常困难的。这种状况和HBV感染是极为相似的。文中提到,如果使用序列错配后的抗原,则能够在患者体内激活针对错配序列的T细胞免疫,但这种错配后的T细胞免疫反应,是没有有效的免疫保护作用的,类似病毒突变之后的免疫逃逸。作者: StephenW 时间: 2015-10-22 21:22
NS3-NS5,non-structural proteins),同样不会被释放到血液中 - 但它们有突变的高速率(high rate of mutation), 导致变种(leading to variants)
"Analysis of the host circulating viral sequence showed that T-cell responses were rarely elicited when there was sequence homology between vaccine immunogen and endogenous virus. In contrast, T-cells were induced in the context of genetic mismatch between vaccine immunogen and endogenous virus; however, these commonly failed to recognise circulating epitope variants and had a distinct partially-functional phenotype. "作者: HBVCURER 时间: 2015-10-22 22:34
不释放到血液中的NS3-NS5, 诱导出NS3-NS5的特异性T细胞, 但在肝细胞中的NS3-NS5突变, however, these commonly failed to recognise circulating epitope variants and had a distinct partially-functional phenotype.作者: HBVCURER 时间: 2015-10-23 12:50
不释放到血液中的NS3-NS5, 诱导出NS3-NS5的特异性T细胞, 但在肝细胞中的NS3-NS5突变, however, these commonly failed to recognise circulating epitope variants and had a distinct partially-functional phenotype.
关于这段之前解释的很清楚了。和病毒序列相同的免疫原无法诱导出T细胞因为这种序列本身由病毒一直在表达,因此导致针对这种序列的T细胞耗竭了;和病毒序列有区别的免疫原才能诱导出针对差异序列的T细胞(因为这种mismatch的免疫原之前在肝细胞内不存在T细胞也就没有被耗竭),但这种诱导出来的T细胞由于识别的抗原序列存在差异,所以没有充分的保护效果(failed to recognise circulating epitope variants and had a distinct partially-functional phenotype)。即便病毒自身不出现突变,这种现象也还是存在的,HBV就是如此。当然,HCV的快速突变也是免疫逃逸的一种机制,尤其是膜蛋白逃逸中和抗体保护,而HCV的非结构蛋白恰恰是相对保守的,这也是HCV治疗型疫苗使用非结构蛋白而不是膜蛋白的原因。作者: StephenW 时间: 2015-10-23 13:18
“This suggests that HCV T-cell vaccines may induce T-cell responses in chronic infection, but primarily in the absence of homologous antigen stimulation.”
“T-cells were generally not induced when there was sequence homology between the vaccine immunogen and endogenous virus at known T-cell epitopes; in this context vaccination was unable to restore functional immunity.”